Stochastic rounding

PHOTO

Thu Feb 17 2022 12:49:49 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)

Saved by @Ruben_Guerrero #c++ #c

float rstoc(x) {
  float decimal = abs(x - trunc(x));

  float random_selector = (float)rand() / RAND_MAX;

  float adjustor;
  if (random_selector < decimal) adjustor = 1;
  else adjustor = 0;

  // consider sign
  if(x < 0) adjustor = -1 * adjustor;

  return trunc(x) + adjustor;
}

Rounding as follows to one of the closest integer toward negative infinity and the closest integer toward positive infinity, with a probability dependent on the proximity is called stochastic rounding and will give an unbiased result on average.

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**8.11 (Game: nine heads and tails)

#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;




void decToBinary(int n)
{
    // array to store binary number 
    int binaryNum[3][3];
    
    //converting to binary 
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) 
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
        {
            binaryNum[i][j] = n % 2;
            n = n / 2;

        }
     }       

    // printing binary> array in reverse order 
    for (int i = 3-1; i >= 0; i--){
        for (int j = 3 - 1; j >= 0; j--)
        {
            if (binaryNum[i][j] == 0)
                cout << "H" << " ";
            else
                cout << "T" << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
    
 }

int main()
{
    int n;
    cout << "Enter a decimal number between 1 and 512 ";
    cin >> n;

    decToBinary(n);
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}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
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#c++ #algorithms #interviewquestions #arrays

Kadane’s Algorithm

int maxSubArraySum(int a[], int size) 
{ 
int max_so_far = 0, max_ending_here = 0; 
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 
{ 
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	if (max_ending_here < 0) 
		max_ending_here = 0; 

	/* Do not compare for all elements. Compare only 
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} 
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#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;


bool primeNumber(int n);
bool Emirp(int n);
int reversal(int n);
int recursive(int a, int b);

int main()
{
	
	int count = 0;
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	{
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		{
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			else
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		}
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	}
		

}
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			}
		}
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}

bool Emirp(int n) {
	

	return primeNumber(n) && primeNumber(reversal(n));
	
}

int reversal(int n) {
	
		if (n < 10) {
			
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}

int recursive(int a, int b) {

	if (b < 1) {

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	}
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}

Difference Between ios::ate and ios::app

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10359702/c-filehandling-difference-between-iosapp-and-iosate#:~:text=ios%3A%3Aapp%20%22set%20the,file%20when%20you%20open%20it.&text=The%20ios%3A%3Aate%20option,to%20the%20end%20of%20file.

#include<iostream>
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int main() {
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int main() {
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(Display the Sundays in a month) Write a program that prompts the user to enter the month and first day of the month, and displays all the Sundays in that month. For example, if the user entered the month 7 for July, and the first day 4 for Wednesday, your program should display the following output: The first day of this month is Wednesday! ... Next Sunday of this month is on 26

#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
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			{
				cout << "Next Sunday of this month is on " << nextSunday << endl;
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			break;
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			{
				cout << "Next Sunday of this month is on " << nextSunday << endl;
				nextSunday += 7;
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			break;
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			while (nextSunday < 30)
			{
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				nextSunday += 7;
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		}
		
}

(Display calendars) Write a program that prompts the user to enter the year and first day of the year and displays the calendar table for the year on the console. For example, if the user entered the year 2013 and 2 for Tuesday, January 1, 2013, your program should display the calendar for each month in the year, as follows:

#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout << "enter the year ";
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	cin >> year;
	
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	int FirstDay;
	cin >> FirstDay;
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		case 3: cout << "March  " << year << endl;
			break;
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			break;
		case 5: cout << "May " << year << endl;
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		case 12: cout << "December " << year << endl;
			break;
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		for (int i = 0; i < FirstDay; i++)
		{
			cout << "    ";
		}
		for (int i = 1; i < 31; i++)
		{
			if (i < 10) {
				cout<<"   " <<i;
			}
			else {
				cout<<"  " << i;
			}
			if ((i + FirstDay) % 7 == 0) {
				cout << endl;
			}
		}
		cout << endl;

		FirstDay = (FirstDay + 31) % 7;
		
	}
	
	
}

(Pattern recognition: consecutive four equal numbers) Write the following function that tests whether a two-dimensional array has four consecutive numbers of the same value, either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;


bool  isConsecutiveFour(int values[][7]) {

    // checking rows
    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
       
        int current = values[i][0];
        int consecutiveCount = 0; // values[i][0] starts count

        for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
            
            if (values[i][j] == current) {
                consecutiveCount++;
                if (consecutiveCount == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                current = values[i][j];
                consecutiveCount = 1;
            }
        }
    }
    // check columns
    for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
        
        int consecutiveCount = 0; // values[0][j] starts count
        int current = values[0][j];

        for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

            if (values[i][j] == current) {
                consecutiveCount++;
                if (consecutiveCount == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                current = values[i][j];
                consecutiveCount = 1;
            }

        }
    }

    // check topLeft side: going upright
    for (int i = 6 - 1; i > 0; i--) {
        int y = i;
        int x = 0;
        int consecutive = 0;
        int current = values[y][x];

        while (y >= 0) {
           
            if (values[y][x] == current) {
                consecutive++;
                if (consecutive == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                consecutive = 1;
                current = values[y][x];
            }
            x++;
            y--;
        }
    }

    // check bottom right side: going upright
    for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
        int y = 6 - 1;
        int x = j;
        int consecutive = 0;
        int current = values[y][x];

        while (x < 6 && y >= 0) {
            
            if (values[y][x] == current) {
                consecutive++;
                if (consecutive == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                consecutive = 1;
                current = values[y][x];
            }
            x++;
            y--;
        }

    }

    // check bottom left side going up-left
    for (int j = 7 - 1; j > 0; j--) {

        int x = j;
        int y = 6 - 1;
        int current = values[y][x];
        int consecutiveCount = 0;

        while (x >= 0 && y >= 0) {

            if (values[y][x] == current) {
                consecutiveCount++;
                if (consecutiveCount == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                consecutiveCount = 1;
                current = values[y][x];
            }

            x--;
            y--;
        }
    }
    // check bottom right side going up-left
    for (int row = 1; row < 6; row++) {
        int x = 7 - 1;
        int y = row;
        int consecutive = 0;
        int current = values[y][x];

        while (y >= 0) {
            
            if (values[y][x] == current) {
                consecutive++;
                if (consecutive == 4) return true;
            }
            else {
                consecutive = 1;
                current = values[y][x];
            }
            x--;
            y--;
        }

    }
    return false;
}






// Driver code
int main()
{
    int m[6][7];
    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
        for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++)
            cin >> m[i][j];
    if (isConsecutiveFour(m) == true)
        cout << "true";
    else 
        cout << "false";
  
}

yourHand_GlobalIntrerfacev1.0_firmware

///LIBRARIES & SPECIFIC PARAMETERS
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_PWMServoDriver.h>
#include <U8g2lib.h>

Adafruit_PWMServoDriver servo = Adafruit_PWMServoDriver(0x40);  //ServoMotor Driver Controller I2C Address
U8G2_SH1106_128X64_NONAME_F_HW_I2C u8g2(U8G2_R0, /* reset=*/ U8X8_PIN_NONE); //OLED Constructor

//- - - - VARIABLES & METHODS - - - -//

#define jky 13              //Joystick button pin
#define emgPin A0           //EMG signal pin
#define emgThreshold 500    //EMG signal detection threshold   

/*----OLED Display & Driver----*/
void u8g2_prepare(void) {
  u8g2.setFontMode(1);              //Enable Transparent Font
  u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_6x13_tf);  //Set font Width: 6px / Height: 13px
  u8g2.setFontRefHeightExtendedText();    
  u8g2.setFontPosTop();             //Origin Position of Text
  u8g2.setFontDirection(0);         //Font direction 0º
}
//Custom Drawn Symbols
static const unsigned char back[] U8X8_PROGMEM  = {
  0x04, 0x06, 0x7F, 0x86, 0x84, 0x60, };

/*---- Servo Driver Variables ----*/
#define Freq (uint8_t) 50     //Servo working frequency

#define posMin 102
#define posMax 512

//Finger Number Assignation for Servo Control
#define thumb (uint8_t) 0
#define index (uint8_t) 1
#define middle (uint8_t) 2 
#define ring (uint8_t) 3
#define pinky (uint8_t) 4
#define wrist (uint8_t) 5

//Method to map servo position from pulses to degrees
void setServo(uint8_t n_servo, uint8_t angulo){
  int duty;
  duty=map(angulo, 0, 180, posMin, posMax);
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}

//Method for EMG signal detection and actuation
void emg(void (*pointer)()){
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}

/*---- Hand Movements Methods ----*/
void closeHand(void){
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    setServo(index,170);
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    setServo(pinky,161);
    setServo(wrist,180);
}
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}
void rock_servo(void){
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    setServo(pinky,13);
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}
void point_servo(void){
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    setServo(middle,145);
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}
void thumbsUp_servo(void){
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}

/*---- Joystick Button----*/
#define jkyX A1
#define jkyY A2

uint8_t swbtn_state=0;    // Memory Storage Byte
bool btn_val=0;           // Current state of the button
bool btn_oldVal=1;        // Previous state of the button  

//Joystick Button Method
void btn_Jky(uint8_t x){
  btn_val=digitalRead(jky);   // read pin button
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      delay(10);   
  }
  btn_oldVal=btn_val;
}

/*- *- *- *- - MENU SYSTEM - -* -* -* -*/
uint8_t M1 = 0; //Memory variable to determine menu state
uint8_t F1 = 0; //Memory variable to determine menu state
uint8_t C1 = 0; //Memory variable to determine menu state

//Mode_options
#define openClose (uint8_t) 1
#define figures (uint8_t)   2
#define custom  (uint8_t)   3

//Figures_options
#define rock (uint8_t)       1
#define ronaldinho (uint8_t) 2
#define point (uint8_t)      3
#define thumbUp (uint8_t)    4
#define goBackF1 (uint8_t)   5

//Custom_options
#define thumb (uint8_t)    1
#define index (uint8_t)    2
#define middle (uint8_t)   3
#define ring (uint8_t)     4
#define pinky (uint8_t)    5
#define wrist (uint8_t)    6
#define goBackC1 (uint8_t) 7

/*---- 1.MODES Menu Methods / All Menu Systems ----*/
/*-- Read Joystic M1 Method --*/
void jkyM1(void){
  if (analogRead(jkyX)<=341 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1010){
    M1 = openClose;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=342 && analogRead(jkyX)<=682 && analogRead(jkyY)>=990){
    M1 = figures;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=683 && analogRead(jkyX)<=1023 && analogRead(jkyY)>=980){
    M1 = custom;
  } 
}

/*---- Modes Screen Methods ----*/
void M1_openClose(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 45, "OPEN/CLOSE");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(8,0,31,31);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(21,9, "1");   //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(47,0,31,31);
  u8g2.drawStr(60,9, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,31,31);
  u8g2.drawStr(99,9, "3");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void M1_openClose_in(){
  emg(closeHand); 
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 16, "Squeeze to");
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 32, "CLOSE HAND");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void M1_figures(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(42, 45, "FIGURES");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(8,0,31,31);   
  u8g2.drawStr(21,9, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(47,0,31,31);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(60,9, "2");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,31,31);
  u8g2.drawStr(99,9, "3");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void M1_custom(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(19, 45, "CUSTOM MOVEMENT");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(8,0,31,31);   
  u8g2.drawStr(21,9, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(47,0,31,31);   
  u8g2.drawStr(60,9, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(86,0,31,31);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(99,9, "3");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

//MAIN MENU SYSTEM(MODES) METHOD
void modes_M1(){  
  switch (M1){
    case openClose:
      if(swbtn_state==1){
        M1_openClose_in();
        btn_Jky(0);
      }
      else{
        jkyM1();
        openHand();
        M1_openClose();
        btn_Jky(1);
      }
      break;

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        figures_F1();
      }
      else{
        jkyM1();
        openHand();
        M1_figures();
        btn_Jky(2);
      }
      break;

    case custom:
      if(swbtn_state==4 || swbtn_state==5){
        custom_C1();
      }
      else{
        jkyM1();
        openHand();
        M1_custom();
        btn_Jky(4);
      }
      break;
  }
}

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/*-- Read Joystic F1 Method --*/
void jkyF1(void){
  if (analogRead(jkyX)<=150 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1022){
    F1 = rock;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=151 && analogRead(jkyX)<=540 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1022){
    F1 = ronaldinho;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=541 && analogRead(jkyX)<=767 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1022){
    F1 = point;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=768 && analogRead(jkyX)<=1023 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1022){
    F1 = thumbUp;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=400 && analogRead(jkyX)<=1023 && analogRead(jkyY)<=400){
    F1 = goBackF1;
  } 
}

/*---- Figures Screen Methods ----*/
void F1_rock(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 32, "ROCK'N ROLL");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(11,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(17,2, "1");    //Selected string 
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(39,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(45,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(67,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(73,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(95,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(101,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();

}
void F1_rock_in(void){
  emg(rock_servo);
  btn_Jky(2);
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 16, "Squeeze to");
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 32, "ROCK'N ROLL");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_ronaldinho(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(34, 32, "RONALDINHO");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(11,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(17,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(39,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(45,2, "2");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(67,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(73,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(95,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(101,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_ronaldinho_in(void){
  emg(ronaldinho_servo);
  btn_Jky(2);
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 32, "RONALDINHO!");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_point(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "POINT");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(11,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(17,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(39,0,17,17);     
  u8g2.drawStr(45,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(67,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(73,2, "3");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(95,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(101,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_point_in(void){
  emg(point_servo);
  btn_Jky(2);
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 16, "Squeeze to");
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "POINT");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_thumbUp(){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(39, 32, "THUMBS UP");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(11,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(17,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(39,0,17,17);     
  u8g2.drawStr(45,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(67,0,17,17);     
  u8g2.drawStr(73,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(95,0,17,17);     //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(101,2, "4");     //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_thumbUp_in(void){
  emg(thumbsUp_servo);
  btn_Jky(2);
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  
  u8g2.drawStr(20, 16, "Squeeze to give");
  u8g2.drawStr(32, 30, "a THUMBS UP");
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void F1_goBack(void){
  btn_Jky(0);  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(42, 32, "GO BACK");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(11,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(17,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(39,0,17,17);     
  u8g2.drawStr(45,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(67,0,17,17);     
  u8g2.drawStr(73,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(95,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(101,2, "4");    

  u8g2.drawBox(115,51,12,10);   //Selected box
  
  u8g2.setDrawColor(0);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

//MAIN FIGURES METHOD
void figures_F1(){
  switch (F1){
    case rock:
      if(swbtn_state==3){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        F1_rock_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(3);
        jkyF1();
        F1_rock();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;
    
    case ronaldinho: 
      if(swbtn_state==3){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        F1_ronaldinho_in(); 
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(3);
        jkyF1();
        F1_ronaldinho(); //print on display F1_ronaldinho
      }
      break;
    
    case point:
      if(swbtn_state==3){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        F1_point_in(); 
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(3);
        jkyF1();
        F1_point(); //print on display F1_ronaldinho
      }
      break;

     case thumbUp:
      if(swbtn_state==3){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        F1_thumbUp_in(); 
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(3);
        jkyF1();
        F1_thumbUp(); //print on display F1_ronaldinho
      }
      break;

     case goBackF1:
        jkyF1();
        F1_goBack(); //print on display F1_ronaldinho
      break;
  }
}

/*---- 3.CUSTOM Menu Methods ----*/
/*-- Read Joystic C1 Method --*/
void jkyC1(void){
  if (analogRead(jkyX)<=170 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = thumb;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=171 && analogRead(jkyX)<=341 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = index;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=342 && analogRead(jkyX)<=511 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = middle;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=512 && analogRead(jkyX)<=682 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = ring;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=683 && analogRead(jkyX)<=853 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = pinky;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=854 && analogRead(jkyX)<=1023 && analogRead(jkyY)>=1023){
    C1 = wrist;
  }
  else if (analogRead(jkyX)>=512 && analogRead(jkyX)<=1023 && analogRead(jkyY)<=450){
    C1 = goBackC1;
  }
}
/*-- Movement State for Individual Fingers Method --*/
uint8_t movement=0;
void jky_servo_movement(void){
    if(analogRead(jkyY)>=600){
        movement=1;
    }
    else if(analogRead(jkyY)<=400){
        movement=2;
    }
    else if(analogRead(jkyY)>=401 && analogRead(jkyY)<=599){
        movement=0;
    }
}

/*---- Custom Screen Methods ----*/
void C1_thumb(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "THUMB");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(2,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define thumbMin 13
#define thumbMax 170
uint8_t thumb_angle=13;
uint8_t thumb_percentage=0;

void C1_thumb_in(void){
    jky_servo_movement();
    btn_Jky(4);
    if(movement==1 && thumb_angle<thumbMax){
        thumb_angle++;
    }
    else if(movement==2 && thumb_angle>thumbMin){
        thumb_angle--;
    }
    setServo(0,thumb_angle);
    thumb_percentage=map(thumb_angle, thumbMin, thumbMax, 0, 100);
    String percentage = String(thumb_percentage);
  
    u8g2.clearBuffer();
    u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
    u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

    u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Thumb:");
    u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
    u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
    u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
    u8g2.drawBox(13,41,thumb_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
    u8g2.sendBuffer();
  
}
void C1_index(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "INDEX");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(23,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");     //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);

  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define indexMin 10
#define indexMax 170
uint8_t index_angle=10;
uint8_t index_percentage=0;

void C1_index_in(){
  jky_servo_movement();
  btn_Jky(4);
  if(movement==1 && index_angle<indexMax){
      index_angle++;
  }
  else if(movement==2 && index_angle>indexMin){
      index_angle--;
  }
  setServo(1,index_angle);
  index_percentage=map(index_angle, indexMin, indexMax, 0, 100);
  String percentage = String(index_percentage);
  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

  u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Index:");
  u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
  u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
  u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
  u8g2.drawBox(13,41,index_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void C1_middle(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(47, 32, "MIDDLE");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(44,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define middleMin 13
#define middleMax 175
uint8_t middle_angle=13;
uint8_t middle_percentage=0;

void C1_middle_in(void){
  jky_servo_movement();
  btn_Jky(4);
  if(movement==1 && middle_angle<middleMax){
      middle_angle++;
  }
  else if(movement==2 && middle_angle>middleMin){
      middle_angle--;
  }
  setServo(2,middle_angle);
  middle_percentage=map(middle_angle, middleMin, middleMax, 0, 100);
  String percentage = String(middle_percentage);
  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

  u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Middle:");
  u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
  u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
  u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
  u8g2.drawBox(13,41,middle_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void C1_ring(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(52, 32, "RING");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(65,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");    //Selected string
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define ringMin 13
#define ringMax 151
uint8_t ring_angle=13;
uint8_t ring_percentage=0;

void C1_ring_in(void){
  jky_servo_movement();
  btn_Jky(4);
  if(movement==1 && ring_angle<ringMax){
      ring_angle++;
  }
  else if(movement==2 && ring_angle>ringMin){
      ring_angle--;
  }
  setServo(3,ring_angle);
  ring_percentage=map(ring_angle, ringMin, ringMax, 0, 100);
  String percentage = String(ring_percentage);
  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

  u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Ring:");
  u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
  u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
  u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
  u8g2.drawBox(13,41,ring_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void C1_pinky(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "PINKY");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawBox(86,0,17,17);   //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");    //Selected string

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define pinkyMin 13
#define pinkyMax 161
uint8_t pinky_angle=13;
uint8_t pinky_percentage=0;

void C1_pinky_in(void){
  jky_servo_movement();
  btn_Jky(4);
  if(movement==1 && pinky_angle<pinkyMax){
      pinky_angle++;
  }
  else if(movement==2 && pinky_angle>pinkyMin){
      pinky_angle--;
  }
  setServo(4,pinky_angle);
  pinky_percentage=map(pinky_angle, pinkyMin, pinkyMax, 0, 100);
  String percentage = String(pinky_percentage);
  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

  u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Pinky:");
  u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
  u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
  u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
  u8g2.drawBox(13,41,middle_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void C1_wrist(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(49, 32, "WRIST");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawBox(107,0,17,17);    //Selected box
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");     //Selected string

  u8g2.drawFrame(115,51,12,10);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

#define wristMin 180
#define wristMax 150
uint8_t wrist_angle=180;
uint8_t wrist_percentage=0;

void C1_wrist_in(void){
  jky_servo_movement();
  btn_Jky(4);
  if(movement==1 && wrist_angle>wristMax){
      wrist_angle--;
  }
  else if(movement==2 && wrist_angle<wristMin){
      wrist_angle++;
  }
  setServo(5,wrist_angle);
  wrist_percentage=map(wrist_angle, wristMin, wristMax, 0, 100);
  String percentage = String(wrist_percentage);
  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(16, 0, "Adjust Position");

  u8g2.drawStr(12,24, "Wrist:");
  u8g2.drawStr(64,24, percentage.c_str());   //map variable for %
  u8g2.drawStr(82,24, "%");
    
  u8g2.drawFrame(12,40,102,17);
  u8g2.drawBox(13,41,wrist_percentage,15);   //x is percentage of map
    
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void C1_goBack(void){  
  u8g2.clearBuffer();
  u8g2.setDrawColor(2);
  
  u8g2.drawStr(43, 32, "GO BACK");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(2,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(8,2, "1");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(23,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(29,2, "2");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(44,0,17,17);   
  u8g2.drawStr(50,2, "3");
  
  u8g2.drawFrame(65,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(71,2, "4");

  u8g2.drawFrame(86,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(92,2, "5");

  u8g2.drawFrame(107,0,17,17);
  u8g2.drawStr(113,2, "6");
  
  u8g2.drawBox(115,51,12,10);   //Selected box
  
  u8g2.setDrawColor(0);
  u8g2.drawXBMP(117, 53, 8, 6, back);
  u8g2.sendBuffer();
}

//MAIN CUSTOM METHOD
void custom_C1(void){
  switch(C1){
    case thumb:
      if(swbtn_state==5){
        jky_servo_movement();
        C1_thumb_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_thumb();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;
    
    case index:
      if(swbtn_state==5){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        C1_index_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_index();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;
    
    case middle:
      if(swbtn_state==5){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        C1_middle_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_middle();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;

    case ring:
      if(swbtn_state==5){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        C1_ring_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_ring();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;
    
    case pinky:
      if(swbtn_state==5){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        C1_pinky_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_pinky();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;

    case wrist:
      if(swbtn_state==5){ //s'ha de canviar!!
        C1_wrist_in();
      }
      else{
        btn_Jky(5);
        jkyC1();
        C1_wrist();  //print on display F1_rock
      }
      break;

    case goBackC1:
        btn_Jky(0);
        jkyC1();
        C1_goBack();  //print on display F1_rock
      break;
  }
}

void setup(){
  u8g2.begin();
  u8g2_prepare();
  servo.begin();
  servo.setPWMFreq(Freq);
  pinMode(jky, INPUT_PULLUP);
  F1=rock;
  C1=thumb;
  M1=openClose;
  swbtn_state=0;
}

void loop(){ 
  modes_M1();
}

c - Where is PATH_MAX defined in Linux? - Stack Overflow

#include <linux/limits.h>

char current_path[PATH_MAX];

Old Traffic System

#include "SevSeg.h"
SevSeg sevseg;

int LEDRa = 33;
int LEDGa = 32;

int LEDRb = 23;
int LEDGb = 22;

int LEDRc = 50;
int LEDGc = 51;

int LEDRd = 42;
int LEDGd = 43;

int IRa1 = 44;
int IRa2 = 52;

int IRb1 = 49;
int IRb2 = 48;

int IRc1 = 35;
int IRc2 = 37;

int IRd1 = 47;
int IRd2 = 46;

int RoadATraffic[] = {0, 0};
int RoadBTraffic[] = {0, 0};
int RoadCTraffic[] = {0, 0};
int RoadDTraffic[] = {0, 0};

char jam[] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};

void setup() {
  pinMode (LEDRa, OUTPUT);
  pinMode (LEDGa, OUTPUT);

  pinMode (LEDRb, OUTPUT);
  pinMode (LEDGb, OUTPUT);

  pinMode (LEDRc, OUTPUT);
  pinMode (LEDGc, OUTPUT);

  pinMode (LEDRd, OUTPUT);
  pinMode (LEDGd, OUTPUT);

  pinMode (IRa1, INPUT);
  pinMode (IRa2, INPUT);

  pinMode (IRb1, INPUT);
  pinMode (IRb2, INPUT);

  pinMode (IRc1, INPUT);
  pinMode (IRc2, INPUT);

  pinMode (IRd1, INPUT);
  pinMode (IRd2, INPUT);

  byte numDigits = 2;
  byte digitPins[] = {11, 10};
  byte segmentPins[] = {9, 8, 6, 3, 4, 7, 2, 5};
  bool resistorsOnSegments = true;

  byte hardwareConfig = COMMON_CATHODE;
  sevseg.begin(hardwareConfig, numDigits, digitPins, segmentPins, resistorsOnSegments);
  sevseg.setBrightness(90);

  Serial.begin(9600); // open the serial port at 9600 bps:
}

static int counter = 5;
int jam_ind = 0;
int current_route = 0;

void loop() {
    //display();
    RoadATraffic[0] = (digitalRead (IRa1) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );
    RoadATraffic[1] = (digitalRead (IRa2) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );

    RoadBTraffic[0] = (digitalRead (IRb1) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );
    RoadBTraffic[1] = (digitalRead (IRb2) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );

    RoadCTraffic[0] = (digitalRead (IRc1) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );
    RoadCTraffic[1] = (digitalRead (IRc2) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );

    RoadDTraffic[0] = (digitalRead (IRd1) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );
    RoadDTraffic[1] = (digitalRead (IRd2) != 1) ? ( 1 ) : ( 0 );

    int sum1 = RoadATraffic[0] + RoadATraffic[1];
    int sum2 = RoadBTraffic[0] + RoadBTraffic[1];
    int sum3 = RoadCTraffic[0] + RoadCTraffic[1];
    int sum4 = RoadDTraffic[0] + RoadDTraffic[1];

    Serial.print(current_route);
    Serial.print('\n');
    Serial.print(jam_ind);
    Serial.print('\n');
    Serial.print('\n');

    change_route(jam[current_route]);
    display();
      
    if (sum1 >= sum2 && sum1 >= sum3 && sum1 >= sum4) {     // Road A Jam
      if (jam[current_route] == 'a' && counter == 1) {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'a';
      } else if (jam[current_route] != 'a' && jam[jam_ind] != 'a') {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'a';
      }
    }

    if (sum2 >= sum1 && sum2 >= sum3 && sum2 >= sum4) { // Road B Jam
      if (jam[current_route] == 'b' && counter == 1) {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'b';
      } else if (jam[current_route] != 'b' && jam[jam_ind] != 'b') {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'b';
      }
    }
    
    if (sum3 >= sum1 && sum3 >= sum2 && sum3 >= sum4) { // Road C Jam
      if (jam[current_route] == 'c' && counter == 1) {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'c';
      } else if (jam[current_route] != 'c' && jam[jam_ind] != 'c') {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'c';
      }
    }
      
    if (sum4 >= sum1 && sum4 >= sum2 && sum4 >= sum3) { // Road D Jam
      if (jam[current_route] == 'd' && counter == 1) {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'd';
      } else if (jam[current_route] != 'd' && jam[jam_ind] != 'd') {
        increase_jam_ind();
        jam[jam_ind] = 'd';
      }
    }  
}

void display() {
  for (int h = 1; h<10000; h++){
    sevseg.setNumber(counter);
    sevseg.refreshDisplay();  
  }
  if (counter <= 0) {
    counter = 5;
    current_route++;
  }

  if (current_route > 15) { 
    current_route = 0;
  }
  
  counter--;
}

void change_route(char route) {
  switch (route) {
    case 'a':
      digitalWrite(LEDGa, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LEDRa, LOW);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGb, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRb, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGc, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRc, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGd, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRd, HIGH);
      break;

    case 'b':
      digitalWrite(LEDGa, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRa, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGb, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LEDRb, LOW);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGc, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRc, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGd, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRd, HIGH);
      break;

    case 'c':
      digitalWrite(LEDGa, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRa, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGb, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRb, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGc, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LEDRc, LOW);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGd, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRd, HIGH);
      break;

    case 'd':
      digitalWrite(LEDGa, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRa, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGb, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRb, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGc, LOW);
      digitalWrite(LEDRc, HIGH);
    
      digitalWrite(LEDGd, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LEDRd, LOW);
      break;
  }
}

void increase_jam_ind() {
  jam_ind++;
  if (jam_ind > 15) {
    jam_ind = 0;
  }
}

How to use the fgets() function in C

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
  char str[20];
  
  fgets(str, 20, stdin); // read from stdin
  puts(str); // print read content out to stdout
  
  // open the file
  FILE *f = fopen("file.txt" , "r"); 
  
  // if there was an error
  if(f == NULL){
    perror("Error opening file"); // print error
    return(-1); 
  }
  // if there was no error
  else{ 
    fgets(str, 20, f); // read from file
    puts(str); // print read content out to stdout
  }
  
  fclose(f); // close file
  
  return(0);
}

Prying “.R” Script Files Away from Xcode (et al) on macOS | rud.is

sdk_path="/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs"

#c #c++ #wrapper

Was ist ein Wrapper ? | C++ Community

class Wrapper
{
 private:
  CLib *lib;

 public:
  Wrapper() { lib = lib_init(); } // Lib initialisieren
  ~Wrapper() { lib_cleanup(&init); } // Lib freigeben

  std::string DoSomething() 
  { 
    char *cstr = lib_get_str(); // String anfordern (malloc!)

    std::string s = str;  // in std::string kopieren

    lib_free_str(cstr); // String freigeben (free)

    return s; // std::string zurückgeben. Alles easy.
  }
};

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