substring(): It takes two arguments, the starting index and the stopping index but it doesn't include the character at the stopping index.

substr(): It takes two arguments, the starting index and number of characters to slice. substring(): It takes two arguments, the starting index and the stopping index but it doesn't include the character at the stopping index. split(): The split method splits a string at a specified place. includes(): It takes a substring argument and it checks if substring argument exists in the string. includes() returns a boolean. If a substring exist in a string, it returns true, otherwise it returns false. replace(): takes as a parameter the old substring and a new substring. replace(): takes as a parameter the old substring and a new substring. charAt(): Takes index and it returns the value at that index indexOf(): Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the first position of the substring if does not exist it returns -1 lastIndexOf(): Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the last position of the substring if it does not exist it returns -1 concat(): it takes many substrings and joins them. startsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string starts with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). endsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string ends with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). search: it takes a substring as an argument and it returns the index of the first match. The search value can be a string or a regular expression pattern. match: it takes a substring or regular expression pattern as an argument and it returns an array if there is match if not it returns null. Let us see how a regular expression pattern looks like. It starts with / sign and ends with / sign. repeat(): it takes a number as argument and it returns the repeated version of the string. Concatenating array using concat indexOf:To check if an item exist in an array. If it exists it returns the index else it returns -1. lastIndexOf: It gives the position of the last item in the array. If it exist, it returns the index else it returns -1. includes:To check if an item exist in an array. If it exist it returns the true else it returns false. Array.isArray:To check if the data type is an array toString:Converts array to string join: It is used to join the elements of the array, the argument we passed in the join method will be joined in the array and return as a string. By default, it joins with a comma, but we can pass different string parameter which can be joined between the items. Slice: To cut out a multiple items in range. It takes two parameters:starting and ending position. It doesn't include the ending position. Splice: It takes three parameters:Starting position, number of times to be removed and number of items to be added. Push: adding item in the end. To add item to the end of an existing array we use the push method. pop: Removing item in the end shift: Removing one array element in the beginning of the array. unshift: Adding array element in the beginning of the array. for of loop Unlimited number of parameters in regular function Unlimited number of parameters in arrow function Expression functions are anonymous functions. After we create a function without a name and we assign it to a variable. To return a value from the function we should call the variable. Self invoking functions are anonymous functions which do not need to be called to return a value. Arrow Function Object.assign: To copy an object without modifying the original object Object.keys: To get the keys or properties of an object as an array Object.values:To get values of an object as an array Object.entries:To get the keys and values in an array hasOwnProperty: To check if a specific key or property exist in an object forEach: Iterate an array elements. We use forEach only with arrays. It takes a callback function with elements, index parameter and array itself. The index and the array optional. map: Iterate an array elements and modify the array elements. It takes a callback function with elements, index , array parameter and return a new array. Filter: Filter out items which full fill filtering conditions and return a new array reduce: Reduce takes a callback function. The call back function takes accumulator, current, and optional initial value as a parameter and returns a single value. It is a good practice to define an initial value for the accumulator value. If we do not specify this parameter, by default accumulator will get array first value. If our array is an empty array, then Javascript will throw an error every: Check if all the elements are similar in one aspect. It returns boolean find: Return the first element which satisfies the condition findIndex: Return the position of the first element which satisfies the condition some: Check if some of the elements are similar in one aspect. It returns boolean sort: The sort methods arranges the array elements either ascending or descending order. By default, the sort() method sorts values as strings.This works well for string array items but not for numbers. If number values are sorted as strings and it give us wrong result. Sort method modify the original array. use a compare call back function inside the sort method, which return a negative, zero or positive. Whenever we sort objects in an array, we use the object key to compare. Destructing Arrays : If we like to skip on of the values in the array we use additional comma. The comma helps to omit the value at that specific index