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You can determine the version of the primary MDF file of a database by looking at the two bytes at offset 0x12064

SQL Server Version	    Internal DB Version     DB Compat Level	    Supported DB Compatibility Levels
SQL Server 2022             ?                           160	                       ?
SQL Server 2019 CTP 3.2 / RC 1 / RC 1.1 / RTM	
                            904	                        150	        150,140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2019 CTP 3.0 / 3.1	
                            902	                        150	        150,140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2019 CTP 2.3 / 2.4 / 2.5	
                            897	                        150	        150,140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2019 CTP 2.1 / 2.2	
                            896	                        150	        150,140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2019 CTP 2.0	    895	                        150	        150,140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2017	            868 / 869	                140	        140,130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2016	            852	                        130         130,120,110,100
SQL Server 2014	            782	                        120	        120,110,100
SQL Server 2012	            706	                        110	        110,100,90
SQL Server 2012 CTP1
(a.k.a. SQL Server 2011 Denali)	
                            684	                        110	        110,100,90
SQL Server 2008 R2	        660 / 661	                100	        100,90,80
SQL Server 2008	            655	                        100	        100,90,80
SQL Server 2005 SP2+
with VarDecimal enabled	    612	                        90	        90,80,70
SQL Server 2005	            611	                        90	        90,80,70
SQL Server 2000	            539	                        80	        80,70
SQL Server 7.0	            515	                        70	        70
SQL Server 6.5	            408                     	65	        65
SQL Server 6.0	            406	                        60	        60
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