thiscodeWorks - Saving, organizing & sharing the best of code online

abstract class Shape 
{
 int dimension1;
 int dimension2;
 abstract void printArea();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Rectangle: " + (dimension1 * dimension2));
 }
}
class Triangle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Triangle: " + (0.5 * dimension1 * dimension2));
 }
}
class Circle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Circle: " + (Math.PI * dimension1 * dimension1));
 }
}
class ShapeArea 
{
 public static void main(String[] args) 
 {
 Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
 rectangle.dimension1 = 5;
 rectangle.dimension2 = 4;
 Triangle triangle = new Triangle();
 triangle.dimension1 = 8;
   triangle.dimension2 = 6;

 Circle circle = new Circle();

 circle.dimension1 = 10;

 rectangle.printArea();

 triangle.printArea();

 circle.printArea();

 }

}

to import multiple classes in a user defined package

Addition.java

package mypack1;

public class Addition 

{

 public int add(int a, int b) 

 {

 System.out.println(a + b);

 }

}

Multiplication.java

package mypack1;

public class Multiplication 

{

 public int multiply(int a, int b) 

 {

 System.out.println(a * b);

 }

}

Main Class

import mypack1.Addition;

import mypack1.Multiplication;

public class Demo24

{

public static void main(String[] args) 

{

 Addition obj1 = new Addition();

obj1.add(50,100);

 Multiplication obj2 = new Multiplication();

obj2.multiply(5,6);

 

}

}

Multiple Inheritance with interfaces

interface I1

{ 

void print( ); 

} 

interface I2

{ 

void show( ); 

} 

class A implements I1,I2

{ 

public void print( )

{ 

System.out.println("Hello"); 

} 

public void show( )

{ 

System.out.println("Welcome"); 

} 

}

class Demo12

{

public static void main(String args[ ]) 

{ 

A obj = new A( ); 

obj.print( ); 

obj.show( );

} 

}

Java program to allow method overriding using super.

class Base

{ 

void display( )

{ 

System.out.println("Base Class Method"); 

} 

} 

class Derived extends Base

{ 

void display( )

{ 

System.out.println("Derived Class Method"); 

} 

void show( )

{ 

display( ); 

super.display( ); 

} 

} 

class TestSuper2

{ 

public static void main(String args[ ]) 

{ 

Derived d=new Derived( ); 

d.show( ); 

} 

}

Hierarchical inheritance

class Base

{

 int a=10, b=5, c;

 void add()

 {

 c=a+b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class Derived1 extends Base

{

 void sub()

 {

 c=a-b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class Derived2 extends Base

{

 void multiply()

 {

 c=a*b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class HI

{

 public static void main(String args[])

 {

 Derived1 obj1=new Derived1();

 obj1.add();

 obj1.sub();

 Derived2 obj2=new Derived2();

 obj2.add();

 obj2.multiply();

 }

}

Constructor overloading

public class Person

{

Person ( )

{

System.out.println("Introduction:");

}

Person(String name)

{

System.out.println("Name: " +name);

}

Person(String dept, int rollNo)

{

System.out.println("Department: "+dept+ ", "+"Roll no:"+rollNo);

}

public static void main(String[ ] args)

{

Person p1 = new Person( ); 

Person p2 = new Person("Ravi");

Person p3 = new Person("CSE", 123);

}

}

ARMASTRONG NUMBER Create a Java project using variables, methods and classes. Try debug with a small program of about 10 to 15 lines which consist at least one if else condition and a for loop

public class Demo

{

 public static void main(String[] args) 

 {

 int num = 153, num1, sum = 0;

 num1 = num;

 while (num != 0) 

 {

 int digit = num % 10;

 sum = sum + (digit * digit * digit); 

 num = num/10;

 }

 if (sum == num1) 

 System.out.println(num1 + " is an Armstrong number");

 else

 System.out.println(num1 + " is not an Armstrong number");
   }
}

amaing terminal text edit

@v1ral_ITS

this is a test
#!/bin/bash
dialog --inputbox "What is your username?" 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
input=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
case $retval in
0)
echo "Your username is '$input'";;
1)
echo "Cancel pressed.";;
esac
############################################################## 
#						             #
# Termux terminal dialog script for downloading music/videos #
#							     #
##############################################################
#!/bin/bash
dialog --inputbox "Type In Folder Destination In SDCARD" 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
DST=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
dialog --inputbox "URL/mp3-mp4: " 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
LRU=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
case $retval in
0)
youtube-dl  -i -c --yes-playlist "$LRU" -o "/sdcard/$DST/%(title)s.%(ext)s";;
1)
echo -e "\nv1ral_ITS\nwww.pastebin.com/u/v1ral_ITS\n";;
esac

Scode.html

@Praise

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Submit a Question</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="Scode.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="form-container">
    <h1>Submit a New Question</h1>
    <form id="questionForm">
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="question">Question:</label>
        <input type="text" id="question" name="question" required>
      </div>
      
      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Answers:</label>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="0" required>
          <input type="text" id="answer1" name="answer1" required placeholder="Correct Answer">
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="1">
          <input type="text" id="answer2" name="answer2" required>
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="2">
          <input type="text" id="answer3" name="answer3" required>
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="3">
          <input type="text" id="answer4" name="answer4" required>
        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="category">Category:</label>
        <select id="category" name="category">
          <option value="" disabled selected>Select Category</option>
        </select>
      </div>
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="newCategory">Or Add New Category:</label>
        <input type="text" id="newCategory" name="newCategory">
      </div>
      <button type="submit">Submit Question</button>
    </form>
  </div>
  <script src="Scode.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Fiber and Probiotics: Better Together?

@omnibioticlife

Probiotics and fiber are both critical for digestion and can improve common digestive ailments. Dietary fiber comes from plant foods and promotes digestive regularity. Some specialized types of fiber, called prebiotics, provide a food source for gut bacteria and may enhance the effects of probiotics.

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in dietary supplements and some foods. Fiber and probiotics can work together to support a healthy, balanced gut microbiome, which is critical for digestive and overall health.

If you suffer from common digestive issues like constipation, gas and bloating, or diarrhea, you may have heard the advice to increase your fiber intake. Consuming adequate dietary fiber can improve your digestion and help with common gastrointestinal ailments.

You may have also heard of using probiotics, live good bacteria, to improve gut health. But what about taking probiotics and fiber together? Certain types of fiber can work in tandem with probiotics to benefit digestive health, and this combination can be a key element of a probiotic and fiber diet.
How Fiber and Probiotics Support One Another
Eating more fiber has been linked to improved digestive and overall health. High-fiber diets can prevent or relieve constipation and also reduce the risk of several chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of our diets are too low in fiber due to a lack of whole plant foods and an over-reliance on animal products and highly processed foods.

Estimates indicate that 95% of Americans don’t meet the recommended dietary fiber intake of 19-38 grams daily. Western-style diets, including the typical U.S. diet, are also associated with lower diversity of beneficial gut microbes compared to diets higher in fiber from plant foods.

Dietary fiber is typically categorized into soluble and insoluble forms. Both are important for digestive health. Soluble fiber can dissolve in water to form a gel and helps to soften the stool. It also slows nutrient absorption and increases satiety. Insoluble fiber provides bulk for easier passage of stool. Most foods provide a mix of fiber types.
Common types of fiber include:

Insoluble sources: Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, found mainly in vegetables and whole grains.

Soluble sources: Pectin, gums, and mucilages; pectins are found primarily in fruits and vegetables, whereas gums and mucilages are mainly extracted from plants for use in processed foods.
Prebiotics are specific types of soluble fiber that pass undigested through the upper gastrointestinal tract and go on to provide nourishment for the beneficial bacteria in the colon. They can work together with probiotics, a direct source of live beneficial bacteria. Prebiotics act as the food source for our gut bacteria, whereas probiotic supplements deliver live, beneficial bacteria to the gut to support balanced and diverse gut flora.

What are the Benefits of Combining Fiber with Probiotics?

Both probiotics and dietary fiber can be beneficial for digestive health. But what happens when you combine them?
The Role of Probiotics
Probiotics offer many benefits for digestive health, including enhanced digestion, protection against bad bacteria, and a reduction in digestive symptoms like diarrhea and constipation.

Although some foods, such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and kombucha, are cultured with or have added probiotics, not all probiotic foods have enough live bacteria to survive the digestive system to provide health benefits. They may also not have the right combination of strains to have a lasting impact on your gut health.

On the other hand, probiotic supplements typically provide information on the CFU (colony-forming units) per gram of live active microorganisms, which ideally will be 107 to 1011.

Finding a product with multiple strains of beneficial bacteria may be preferable since much of the research on common digestive issues, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, has used multi-strain products.
The Role of Fiber
Adequate fiber intake is critical for digestive health; it keeps your gastrointestinal tract moving and your bowel movements regular and helps prevent chronic conditions.

Increasing your intake of whole plant foods high in fiber, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, will provide a variety of insoluble and soluble dietary fibers, along with other crucial nutrients and beneficial plant compounds.

Fiber supplements can be helpful if you’re looking to add a specific fiber source. Some varieties of fiber offer more benefits than others, depending on your health goals.
Combining Probiotics and Fiber
If you’re supplementing both probiotics and additional fiber, it’s typically best to take them separately since some of the beneficial bacteria can adhere to the fiber and be eliminated rather than absorbed.

Prebiotic fibers work with the good bacteria in the digestive system by increasing their numbers and activity, including their ability to support immunity and maintain the gut barrier against harmful pathogens. Prebiotics can also enhance the benefits of probiotics.

It’s preferable not to take probiotics and prebiotic fiber simultaneously because if the probiotics ferment the prebiotics too soon, this can cause bothersome symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating.

Synbiotics designed to be combined are the exception.
Synbiotics are combination products that typically contain probiotics with a prebiotic, most commonly inulin, GOS, or FOS, that supports its beneficial health effects. Research has found that synbiotics can enhance the microbiota, increasing beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.

The goal of a synbiotic is to maximize the health impact of both the good bacteria and the prebiotic fiber by providing them together. The amount of fiber in synbiotics varies, from very small quantities to larger amounts. Look for products that provide an optimal blend of probiotics with prebiotics.

Omni-Biotics’ probiotic products are all synbiotics. Each Omni-Biotic probiotic contains prebiotic nutrients specifically selected for the probiotic strains in the formulation. These prebiotic fibers act as the food source for the specific probiotic bacteria in the Omni-Biotic powder. When Omni-Biotic probiotics are dissolved in water prior to intake, the probiotic bacteria rehydrate and consume these prebiotic fibers. This makes them strong for their passage through the GI tract, ensuring they arrive in the intestine alive and metabolically active.
Is it Better to Take Prebiotics or Another Kind of Fiber?
Although all prebiotics are considered fiber, not all dietary fibers have prebiotic effects.
The benefits of prebiotics for digestion go beyond those of standard fiber since they nourish beneficial bacteria, leading to a healthier, more balanced gut microbiome.

Though humans have been consuming prebiotics in food since prehistoric times, research has uncovered their health benefits much more recently. Well-studied prebiotics include inulin, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and resistant starch.

Prebiotics are found naturally in some plant foods like chicory, artichokes, asparagus, onions, garlic, whole wheat, oats, and barley, as well as in some processed foods with added prebiotics. They are also available as supplements.
Prebiotics target good bacteria in the colon, particularly Bifidobacteria. Research has found that consumption of the prebiotics inulin, FOS, resistant starch, and GOS significantly increased levels of Bifidobacteria and other beneficial gut bacteria.

The benefits to gut flora are specific to fiber with prebiotic effects. A recent analysis of randomized controlled trials found that prebiotic fiber supplements lead to significantly higher counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli than non-prebiotic fiber supplements.

In addition to enhancing their diversity and activity, prebiotics can increase the gut bacteria’s production of short-chain fatty acids. These acids are critical in supporting the gut barrier and lowering colon pH. In turn, this promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibits gut pathogens. Enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids ensures adequate absorption of fluids and electrolytes in the colon and promotes intestinal motility.

Some prebiotics are more easily digested than others. Some, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, may not be well tolerated in larger doses and can cause digestive side effects such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

These symptoms may be temporary as your digestive tract adapts. To limit digestive upset, increase new fiber sources slowly and drink plenty of water to help move the fiber through your system.

There are various prebiotic supplements available. Since different prebiotics affect different strains of good bacteria, it’s optimal to take in a variety of prebiotics. A mixture of prebiotics may also most effectively support the beneficial actions of gut bacteria, like the production of short-chain fatty acids.

Omni-Biotic offers two different prebiotic options containing various beneficial fiber sources to meet your individual needs.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Constipation

Constipation, infrequent or difficult bowel movements, often of small, hard stools, is a common problem affecting both adults and children.

A lack of fiber and fluids can lead to constipation. Increasing fiber intake adds bulk and fluids to stool, making them softer and leading to easier passage and improved regularity.

Insoluble fibers, such as those found in whole grains, vegetables, beans, nuts, and fruits, are most effective for adding bulk to stool. For fiber supplements, however, experts frequently recommend soluble fibers such as psyllium for constipation and irritable bowel syndrome due to their ability to hold fluid and lead to softer stools.

Patients with constipation have been found in some studies to have lower levels of beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Several studies providing various species of Bifidobacteria probiotics found that they improved subjects’ constipation.

Prebiotic inulin has also been found to relieve constipation in some studies with adults and children. Additionally, several synbiotics with various combinations of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and the prebiotic fibers FOS, GOS, and inulin have also been found to improve constipation.

Omni-Biotic Balance is a synbiotic with multiple strains of beneficial bacteria selected to optimize digestion and reduce constipation. It includes species found to support the protective gut barrier, enhancing its mucus production and improving gut motility. It also provides small amounts of the prebiotics FOS and inulin to enhance its effects.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Diarrhea

Diarrhea can have many causes, some acute such as infections, food poisoning, or traveler’s diarrhea, and some chronic, including food intolerances or chronic gastrointestinal conditions.

Probiotics, particularly Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli species, have been found to improve infectious diarrhea, possibly due to their ability to fight off gastrointestinal pathogens by maintaining the gut barrier and enhancing immunity.

In addition, some probiotic strains have been associated with a reduced risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Containing 10 species of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, Omni-Biotic AB 10 significantly reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in two separate studies in surgical patients and nursing home residents.

Some prebiotics can also help ward off diarrhea due to GI pathogens. Research has found that supplements of the prebiotic fibers GOS and inulin significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea in travelers to high-risk areas.

Combining probiotics and beneficial prebiotics may be especially effective for combatting certain types of diarrhea. In one study, adding prebiotic inulin to a strain of Bifidobacteria improved the resolution of infectious diarrhea in children. Research has also found that synbiotics prevented traveler’s diarrhea.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Optimized Digestion
Gas and bloating
are common symptoms of several common gastrointestinal conditions, including
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), constipation, and dietary intolerance. They can indicate an imbalance in the gut microbiome.

A
lack of regularity
resulting in constipation, diarrhea, or both, as can sometimes occur with IBS, can also indicate that your gut health is out of balance.

Probiotics and fiber can both play a part in reducing common gastrointestinal ailments and supporting a healthy gut.

Probiotics for Digestion
Various strains of both Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli have been associated with improved microbial balance and better digestive health, including better regularity and a reduction in constipation, bloating, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

A synbiotic composed of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and FOS was found to reduce digestive symptoms of lactose intolerance in one small study.
Prebiotics for Digestion
Research indicates that the prebiotics inulin and FOS can improve bowel regularity and gut barrier function. In some studies, prebiotic GOS supplements reduced some of the symptoms of patients with IBS.

Research has found that acacia fiber, a soluble fiber also known as gum arabic, may have prebiotic properties and can increase beneficial Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and their production of short-chain fatty acids. One study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome found that yogurt with acacia fiber and a strain of Bifidobacteria reduced their symptoms.

Omni-Biotic offers two prebiotic product options; Omni-Logic Immune provides acacia fiber and resistant starch, while Omni-Logic Plus provides FOS, GOS, and glucomannan.

The non-digestible fibers in prebiotics can cause side effects in sensitive individuals, including those with irritable bowel syndrome or other gastrointestinal conditions. If you have a chronic digestive condition, consult your healthcare provider or registered dietitian before trying new fiber sources or probiotics.

Sjf

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int max[10][10],need[10][10],alloc[10][10],avail[10],work[10];
int p,r,i,j,process,flag,executed=0,canExecute;
char finish[10];
printf("\nEnter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&r);

 //Input Max matrix
printf("\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
// Input Allocation Matrix
printf("\nEnter the allocation for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
}
// Input Available Resources after allocation
printf("\n\n Enter the Available Resources:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
scanf("%d",&avail[i]);
// Calculation of Need Matrix
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
printf("%d",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\t\t");
}
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
finish[i]='F';
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
work[j]=avail[j];
printf("\nSafe Sequence: ");
   while (executed < p) {
       flag = 0;
 
       for (i = 0; i < p; i++) {
           if (finish[i] == 'F') {
                canExecute = 1;
               
               // Check if need can be satisfied
               for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
                   if (need[i][j] > work[j]) {
                       canExecute = 0;
                       break;
                   }
               }
 
               if (canExecute) {
                   // Process can execute
                   printf("P%d ", i);
                   for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
                       work[j] += alloc[i][j];
 
                   finish[i] = 'T';
                   executed++;
                   flag = 1;
               }
           }
       }
 
       // If no process is executed in an iteration, break (unsafe state)
       if (flag == 0) {
           printf("\nSystem is in an unsafe state!");
           return 1;
       }
   }
 
   printf("\nSystem is in a safe state.");
   return 0;
}

Round robin

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i,n,count=0,time_quantum,t,at[10],bt[10],rem_bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],flag=0,t=0;

floattotal_wt=0 , total_tat=0

printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d :",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");

scanf("%d",&time_quantum);

for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) 

        rem_bt[i] =  bt[i]; 

// Keep traversing processes in round robin manner  until all of them are not done. 

while (1) 

{ 

flag=1; 

// Traverse all processes one by one repeatedly 

for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) 

{ 

// If burst time of a process is greater than 0 then only need to process further 

if (rem_bt[i] > 0) 

{ 

flag=0; // There is a pending process 

		if (rem_bt[i] > time_quantum) 

		{ 

	// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

	t += time_quantum; 

		// Decrease the burst_time of current process by quantum 

		rem_bt[i] -= time_quantum;

		} 

// If burst time is smaller than or equal to quantum. Last cycle for this process 

else

{ 

// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

		t = t + rem_bt[i]; 

		 // Waiting time is current time minus time used by this process 

		wt[i] = t - bt[i]; 

		// As the process gets fully executed make its remaining burst time = 0

		 rem_bt[i] = 0;

}

}

}

if (flag==1)

break;

} 

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

	tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

printf("\n Process BT\t WT\t TAT \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \t",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

{

total_wt= total_wt+wt[i];

total_tat= total_tat+tat[i];

}

printf("\nAverage waiting time = %f", total_wt/n);

printf ("\nAverage turn around time = %f",total_tat/n);

}

Sjf

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define max 30

void main()

{

Int i,j,n,t,p[max],bt[max],wt[max],tat[max],Total_wt=0,Total_tat=0;

float awt=0,atat=0;

printf("Enter the number of processes\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

//Enter the processes according to their arrival times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter the process number\n");

scanf("%d",&p[i]);

printf("Enter the burst time of the process\n");

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

//Apply the bubble sort technique to sort the processes according to their burst times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

	{

		if(bt[j]>bt[j+1])

		{

// Sort according to the burst times

		t=bt[j];

		bt[j]=bt[j+1];

		bt[j+1]=t;

		//Sorting Process Numbers

		t=p[j];

		p[j]=p[j+1];

		p[j+1]=t;

		}

	}

}

printf("Process\t Burst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turn Around Time\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	wt[i]=0;

	tat[i]=0;

	for(j=0;j<i;j++)

		wt[i]=wt[i]+bt[j];

	tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];

	Total_wt=Total_wt +wt[i];

	Total_tat=Total_tat+tat[i];

	printf("%d\t %d\t\t %d\t\t %d\n",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

}

awt=(float)Total_wt /n;

atat=(float)Total_tat /n;

printf("The average waiting time =  %f\n",awt);

printf("The average turn aroud time = %f\n",atat);

}

Round robin

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i,n,count=0,time_quantum,t,at[10],bt[10],rem_bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],flag=0,t=0;

floattotal_wt=0 , total_tat=0

printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d :",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");

scanf("%d",&time_quantum);

for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) 

        rem_bt[i] =  bt[i]; 

// Keep traversing processes in round robin manner  until all of them are not done. 

while (1) 

{ 

flag=1; 

// Traverse all processes one by one repeatedly 

for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) 

{ 

// If burst time of a process is greater than 0 then only need to process further 

if (rem_bt[i] > 0) 

{ 

flag=0; // There is a pending process 

		if (rem_bt[i] > time_quantum) 

		{ 

	// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

	t += time_quantum; 

		// Decrease the burst_time of current process by quantum 

		rem_bt[i] -= time_quantum;

		} 

// If burst time is smaller than or equal to quantum. Last cycle for this process 

else

{ 

// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

		t = t + rem_bt[i]; 

		 // Waiting time is current time minus time used by this process 

		wt[i] = t - bt[i]; 

		// As the process gets fully executed make its remaining burst time = 0

		 rem_bt[i] = 0;

}

}

}

if (flag==1)

break;

} 

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

	tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

printf("\n Process BT\t WT\t TAT \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \t",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

{

total_wt= total_wt+wt[i];

total_tat= total_tat+tat[i];

}

printf("\nAverage waiting time = %f", total_wt/n);

printf ("\nAverage turn around time = %f",total_tat/n);

}

Producer cons

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);

int main() {
    int n;
    
    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");
    
    while (1) {
        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
        scanf("%d", &n);
        
        switch (n) {
            case 1:
                if (empty != 0)
                    producer();
                else
                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");
                break;
                
            case 2:
                if (full != 0)
                    consumer();
                else
                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");
                break;
                
            case 3:
                exit(0);
                break;
        }
    }
}

int wait(int s) {
    return (--s);
}

int signal(int s) {
    return (++s);
}

void producer() {
    full = signal(full);
    empty = wait(empty);
    x++;
    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);
}

void consumer() {
    full = wait(full);
    empty = signal(empty);
    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);
    x--;
}

SJF

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define max 30

void main()

{

Int i,j,n,t,p[max],bt[max],wt[max],tat[max],Total_wt=0,Total_tat=0;

float awt=0,atat=0;

printf("Enter the number of processes\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

//Enter the processes according to their arrival times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter the process number\n");

scanf("%d",&p[i]);

printf("Enter the burst time of the process\n");

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

//Apply the bubble sort technique to sort the processes according to their burst times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

	{

		if(bt[j]>bt[j+1])

		{

// Sort according to the burst times

		t=bt[j];

		bt[j]=bt[j+1];

		bt[j+1]=t;

		//Sorting Process Numbers

		t=p[j];

		p[j]=p[j+1];

		p[j+1]=t;

		}

	}

}

printf("Process\t Burst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turn Around Time\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	wt[i]=0;

	tat[i]=0;

	for(j=0;j<i;j++)

		wt[i]=wt[i]+bt[j];

	tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];

	Total_wt=Total_wt +wt[i];

	Total_tat=Total_tat+tat[i];

	printf("%d\t %d\t\t %d\t\t %d\n",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

}

awt=(float)Total_wt /n;

atat=(float)Total_tat /n;

printf("The average waiting time =  %f\n",awt);

printf("The average turn aroud time = %f\n",atat);

}

Producer consumer

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();

void consumer();

int wait(int);

int signal(int);

int main() {

    int n;

    

    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");

    

    while (1) {

        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");

        scanf("%d", &n);

        

        switch (n) {

            case 1:

                if (empty != 0)

                    producer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");

                break;

                

            case 2:

                if (full != 0)

                    consumer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");

                break;

                

            case 3:

                exit(0);

                break;

        }

    }

}

int wait(int s) {

    return (--s);

}

int signal(int s) {

    return (++s);

}

void producer() {

    full = signal(full);

    empty = wait(empty);

    x++;

    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);

}

void consumer() {

    full = wait(full);

    empty = signal(empty);

    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);

    x--;

}

Producer consumer

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();

void consumer();

int wait(int);

int signal(int);

int main() {

    int n;

    

    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");

    

    while (1) {

        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");

        scanf("%d", &n);

        

        switch (n) {

            case 1:

                if (empty != 0)

                    producer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");

                break;

                

            case 2:

                if (full != 0)

                    consumer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");

                break;

                

            case 3:

                exit(0);

                break;

        }

    }

}

int wait(int s) {

    return (--s);

}

int signal(int s) {

    return (++s);

}

void producer() {

    full = signal(full);

    empty = wait(empty);

    x++;

    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);

}

void consumer() {

    full = wait(full);

    empty = signal(empty);

    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);

    x--;

}

Fcfs

#triangulararbitragebot #arbitragebot #triangularbot

#include<stdio.h>

int main(

int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};

int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;

float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;

printf("Enter number of processes ");

scanf("d", &n);

printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("Enter processid");

scanf("@d",&pid[i]);

printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);

scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);

printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);

scanf("@d",&bt[il);

printf("in");

for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)

for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)

if (at[j]>at[+1])

{

// sorting the arrival times

temp = atD];

at|jl = at|j+1];

at[j+1] = temp;

I/ sorting the burst times

templ = btfl:

bti] = bt[j+1];

bt[j+1] = templ;

Il sorting the process numbers

temp2=pid[l;

pid[l=pidD+1];

pidlj+1]=temp2;

}

//calculate completion time of processes

forj=Ojj<n;jt+)

sum+=bbl;

ct[j]+=sum;

}

//calculate turnaround time and waiting times

for(k=0;k<n;kt+)

tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];

totalTAT+=tat[k];

wt[0]=0;

for(k=0;k<n;k++)

{

wt[k]=0;

forj=0;j<k;j++)

totalWT+=wt[k];

printf("Solution: In\n");

printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);

printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);

printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);

return 0;

}

Triangular Arbitrage Bot

@aanaethan

https://www.firebeetechnoservices.com/blog/triangular-arbitrage-bot

Olymp Trade Clone Script - Addus Technologies

@Seraphina

https://www.addustechnologies.com/blog/olymp-trade-clone-script

Semaphores producer/consumer

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int full=0,empty=3,x=0;
main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n1.PRODUCER\n2.CONSUMER\n3.EXIT\n");
while(1)
{
printf("\nENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
if(empty!=0)
producer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS FULL");
break;
case 2:
if(full!=0)
consumer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY");
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
}
 
int wait(int s)
{
return(--s);
}
 
int signal(int s)
{
return(++s);
}
 
void producer()
{
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\n Producer produces the item%d \n",x);
}
 
void consumer()
{
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\n Consumer consumes item%d \n",x);
x--;
}

Deadlock

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int max[10][10],need[10][10],alloc[10][10],avail[10],work[10];
int p,r,i,j,process,flag,executed=0,canExecute;
char finish[10];
printf("\nEnter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&r);

 //Input Max matrix
printf("\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
// Input Allocation Matrix
printf("\nEnter the allocation for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
}
// Input Available Resources after allocation
printf("\n\n Enter the Available Resources:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
scanf("%d",&avail[i]);
// Calculation of Need Matrix
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
printf("%d",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\t\t");
}
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
finish[i]='F';
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
work[j]=avail[j];
printf("\nSafe Sequence: ");
   while (executed < p) {
       flag = 0;
 
       for (i = 0; i < p; i++) {
           if (finish[i] == 'F') {
                canExecute = 1;
               
               // Check if need can be satisfied
               for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
                   if (need[i][j] > work[j]) {
                       canExecute = 0;
                       break;
                   }
               }
 
               if (canExecute) {
                   // Process can execute
                   printf("P%d ", i);
                   for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
                       work[j] += alloc[i][j];
 
                   finish[i] = 'T';
                   executed++;
                   flag = 1;
               }
           }
       }
 
       // If no process is executed in an iteration, break (unsafe state)
       if (flag == 0) {
           printf("\nSystem is in an unsafe state!");
           return 1;
       }
   }
 
   printf("\nSystem is in a safe state.");
   return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include<stdio.h>
int main(
int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};
int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;
float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;
printf("Enter number of processes ");
scanf("d", &n);
printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter processid");
scanf("@d",&pid[i]);
printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);
scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);
printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);
scanf("@d",&bt[il);
printf("in");
for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)
if (at[j]>at[+1])
{
// sorting the arrival times
temp = atD];
at|jl = at|j+1];
at[j+1] = temp;
I/ sorting the burst times
templ = btfl:
bti] = bt[j+1];
bt[j+1] = templ;
Il sorting the process numbers
temp2=pid[l;
pid[l=pidD+1];
pidlj+1]=temp2;
}
//calculate completion time of processes
forj=Ojj<n;jt+)
sum+=bbl;
ct[j]+=sum;
}
//calculate turnaround time and waiting times
for(k=0;k<n;kt+)
tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];
totalTAT+=tat[k];
wt[0]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
wt[k]=0;
forj=0;j<k;j++)
totalWT+=wt[k];
printf("Solution: In\n");
printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);
printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);
printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);
return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include<stdio.h>
int main(
int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};
int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;
float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;
printf("Enter number of processes ");
scanf("d", &n);
printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter processid");
scanf("@d",&pid[i]);
printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);
scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);
printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);
scanf("@d",&bt[il);
printf("in");
for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)
if (at[j]>at[+1])
{
// sorting the arrival times
temp = atD];
at|jl = at|j+1];
at[j+1] = temp;
I/ sorting the burst times
templ = btfl:
bti] = bt[j+1];
bt[j+1] = templ;
Il sorting the process numbers
temp2=pid[l;
pid[l=pidD+1];
pidlj+1]=temp2;
}
//calculate completion time of processes
forj=Ojj<n;jt+)
sum+=bbl;
ct[j]+=sum;
}
//calculate turnaround time and waiting times
for(k=0;k<n;kt+)
tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];
totalTAT+=tat[k];
wt[0]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
wt[k]=0;
forj=0;j<k;j++)
totalWT+=wt[k];
printf("Solution: In\n");
printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);
printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);
printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);
return 0;
}

System calls

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

System call

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {

    // Open a source file for reading

    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);

    if (source_fd == -1) {

        perror("Failed to open source.txt");

        exit(1);

    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing

    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);

    if (dest_fd == -1) {

        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");

        close(source_fd);

        exit(1);

    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file

    char buffer[1024];

    ssize_t nread;

    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {

        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {

            perror("Write error");

            close(source_fd);

            close(dest_fd);

            exit(1);

        }

    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading

    if (nread < 0) {

        perror("Read error");

    }

    // Close both files

    close(source_fd);

    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;

}

System calls

@Kkk

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

Fcfs

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

System calls Unix linux

@Hitha

2. Write programs using the I/O system calls of UNIX/LINUX operating system(open, read, write, close, fcntl, seek, stat, opendir, readdir)Program:
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <string.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>int main() {// Open a source file for readingint source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);if (source_fd == -1) {perror("Failed to open source.txt");exit(1);}// Create or open a destination file for writingint dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);if (dest_fd == -1) {perror("Failed to open destination.txt");close(source_fd); // Close the source fileexit(1);}// Read from the source file and write to the destination filechar buffer[4096]; // A buffer to hold datassize_t nread;while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {perror("Write error");break;}}// Check if there was an error during readingif (nread < 0) {perror("Read error");}// Close both filesclose(source_fd);close(dest_fd);return 0;}Explanation:In this program, we use the following system calls:Open : Opens files.Read : Reads data from a file.Write : Writes data to a file.Close : Closes open files.Perror : Prints error messages.Fcntl : A system call for file control is not used in this example but is available for other file operations.Seek : File seeking operations are not used in this basic example.Stat : File stat functions are not used here.Opendir : Opening directories is not used in this example.Readdir : Reading directories is not used in this example.

I/o system calls of unix/linux