abstract class Shape 
{
 int dimension1;
 int dimension2;
 abstract void printArea();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Rectangle: " + (dimension1 * dimension2));
 }
}
class Triangle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Triangle: " + (0.5 * dimension1 * dimension2));
 }
}
class Circle extends Shape 
{
 void printArea() 
 {
 System.out.println("Area of Circle: " + (Math.PI * dimension1 * dimension1));
 }
}
class ShapeArea 
{
 public static void main(String[] args) 
 {
 Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
 rectangle.dimension1 = 5;
 rectangle.dimension2 = 4;
 Triangle triangle = new Triangle();
 triangle.dimension1 = 8;
   triangle.dimension2 = 6;

 Circle circle = new Circle();

 circle.dimension1 = 10;

 rectangle.printArea();

 triangle.printArea();

 circle.printArea();

 }

}

Addition.java

package mypack1;

public class Addition 

{

 public int add(int a, int b) 

 {

 System.out.println(a + b);

 }

}

Multiplication.java

package mypack1;

public class Multiplication 

{

 public int multiply(int a, int b) 

 {

 System.out.println(a * b);

 }

}

Main Class

import mypack1.Addition;

import mypack1.Multiplication;

public class Demo24

{

public static void main(String[] args) 

{

 Addition obj1 = new Addition();

obj1.add(50,100);

 Multiplication obj2 = new Multiplication();

obj2.multiply(5,6);

 

}

}

interface I1

{ 

void print( ); 

} 

interface I2

{ 

void show( ); 

} 

class A implements I1,I2

{ 

public void print( )

{ 

System.out.println("Hello"); 

} 

public void show( )

{ 

System.out.println("Welcome"); 

} 

}

class Demo12

{

public static void main(String args[ ]) 

{ 

A obj = new A( ); 

obj.print( ); 

obj.show( );

} 

}

class Base

{ 

void display( )

{ 

System.out.println("Base Class Method"); 

} 

} 

class Derived extends Base

{ 

void display( )

{ 

System.out.println("Derived Class Method"); 

} 

void show( )

{ 

display( ); 

super.display( ); 

} 

} 

class TestSuper2

{ 

public static void main(String args[ ]) 

{ 

Derived d=new Derived( ); 

d.show( ); 

} 

} 

class Base

{

 int a=10, b=5, c;

 void add()

 {

 c=a+b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class Derived1 extends Base

{

 void sub()

 {

 c=a-b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class Derived2 extends Base

{

 void multiply()

 {

 c=a*b;

 System.out.println("c="+c);

 }

}

class HI

{

 public static void main(String args[])

 {

 Derived1 obj1=new Derived1();

 obj1.add();

 obj1.sub();

 Derived2 obj2=new Derived2();

 obj2.add();

 obj2.multiply();

 }

}

public class Person

{

Person ( )

{

System.out.println("Introduction:");

}

Person(String name)

{

System.out.println("Name: " +name);

}

Person(String dept, int rollNo)

{

System.out.println("Department: "+dept+ ", "+"Roll no:"+rollNo);

}

public static void main(String[ ] args)

{

Person p1 = new Person( ); 

Person p2 = new Person("Ravi");

Person p3 = new Person("CSE", 123);

}

}

public class Demo

{

 public static void main(String[] args) 

 {

 int num = 153, num1, sum = 0;

 num1 = num;

 while (num != 0) 

 {

 int digit = num % 10;

 sum = sum + (digit * digit * digit); 

 num = num/10;

 }

 if (sum == num1) 

 System.out.println(num1 + " is an Armstrong number");

 else

 System.out.println(num1 + " is not an Armstrong number");
   }
}

this is a test
#!/bin/bash
dialog --inputbox "What is your username?" 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
input=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
case $retval in
0)
echo "Your username is '$input'";;
1)
echo "Cancel pressed.";;
esac
############################################################## 
#						             #
# Termux terminal dialog script for downloading music/videos #
#							     #
##############################################################
#!/bin/bash
dialog --inputbox "Type In Folder Destination In SDCARD" 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
DST=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
dialog --inputbox "URL/mp3-mp4: " 0 0 2> ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
retval=$?
LRU=`cat ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$`
rm -f ~/tmp/inputbox.tmp.$$
case $retval in
0)
youtube-dl  -i -c --yes-playlist "$LRU" -o "/sdcard/$DST/%(title)s.%(ext)s";;
1)
echo -e "\nv1ral_ITS\nwww.pastebin.com/u/v1ral_ITS\n";;
esac

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Submit a Question</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="Scode.css">
</head>
<body>
  <div class="form-container">
    <h1>Submit a New Question</h1>
    <form id="questionForm">
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="question">Question:</label>
        <input type="text" id="question" name="question" required>
      </div>
      
      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Answers:</label>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="0" required>
          <input type="text" id="answer1" name="answer1" required placeholder="Correct Answer">
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="1">
          <input type="text" id="answer2" name="answer2" required>
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="2">
          <input type="text" id="answer3" name="answer3" required>
        </div>
        <div>
          <input type="radio" name="correctAnswer" value="3">
          <input type="text" id="answer4" name="answer4" required>
        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="category">Category:</label>
        <select id="category" name="category">
          <option value="" disabled selected>Select Category</option>
        </select>
      </div>
      <div class="form-group">
        <label for="newCategory">Or Add New Category:</label>
        <input type="text" id="newCategory" name="newCategory">
      </div>
      <button type="submit">Submit Question</button>
    </form>
  </div>
  <script src="Scode.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Probiotics and fiber are both critical for digestion and can improve common digestive ailments. Dietary fiber comes from plant foods and promotes digestive regularity. Some specialized types of fiber, called prebiotics, provide a food source for gut bacteria and may enhance the effects of probiotics.

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in dietary supplements and some foods. Fiber and probiotics can work together to support a healthy, balanced gut microbiome, which is critical for digestive and overall health.

If you suffer from common digestive issues like constipation, gas and bloating, or diarrhea, you may have heard the advice to increase your fiber intake. Consuming adequate dietary fiber can improve your digestion and help with common gastrointestinal ailments.

You may have also heard of using probiotics, live good bacteria, to improve gut health. But what about taking probiotics and fiber together? Certain types of fiber can work in tandem with probiotics to benefit digestive health, and this combination can be a key element of a probiotic and fiber diet.
How Fiber and Probiotics Support One Another
Eating more fiber has been linked to improved digestive and overall health. High-fiber diets can prevent or relieve constipation and also reduce the risk of several chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of our diets are too low in fiber due to a lack of whole plant foods and an over-reliance on animal products and highly processed foods.

Estimates indicate that 95% of Americans don’t meet the recommended dietary fiber intake of 19-38 grams daily. Western-style diets, including the typical U.S. diet, are also associated with lower diversity of beneficial gut microbes compared to diets higher in fiber from plant foods.

Dietary fiber is typically categorized into soluble and insoluble forms. Both are important for digestive health. Soluble fiber can dissolve in water to form a gel and helps to soften the stool. It also slows nutrient absorption and increases satiety. Insoluble fiber provides bulk for easier passage of stool. Most foods provide a mix of fiber types.
Common types of fiber include:

Insoluble sources: Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, found mainly in vegetables and whole grains.

Soluble sources: Pectin, gums, and mucilages; pectins are found primarily in fruits and vegetables, whereas gums and mucilages are mainly extracted from plants for use in processed foods.
Prebiotics are specific types of soluble fiber that pass undigested through the upper gastrointestinal tract and go on to provide nourishment for the beneficial bacteria in the colon. They can work together with probiotics, a direct source of live beneficial bacteria. Prebiotics act as the food source for our gut bacteria, whereas probiotic supplements deliver live, beneficial bacteria to the gut to support balanced and diverse gut flora.

What are the Benefits of Combining Fiber with Probiotics?

Both probiotics and dietary fiber can be beneficial for digestive health. But what happens when you combine them?
The Role of Probiotics
Probiotics offer many benefits for digestive health, including enhanced digestion, protection against bad bacteria, and a reduction in digestive symptoms like diarrhea and constipation.

Although some foods, such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and kombucha, are cultured with or have added probiotics, not all probiotic foods have enough live bacteria to survive the digestive system to provide health benefits. They may also not have the right combination of strains to have a lasting impact on your gut health.

On the other hand, probiotic supplements typically provide information on the CFU (colony-forming units) per gram of live active microorganisms, which ideally will be 107 to 1011.

Finding a product with multiple strains of beneficial bacteria may be preferable since much of the research on common digestive issues, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, has used multi-strain products.
The Role of Fiber
Adequate fiber intake is critical for digestive health; it keeps your gastrointestinal tract moving and your bowel movements regular and helps prevent chronic conditions.

Increasing your intake of whole plant foods high in fiber, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, will provide a variety of insoluble and soluble dietary fibers, along with other crucial nutrients and beneficial plant compounds.

Fiber supplements can be helpful if you’re looking to add a specific fiber source. Some varieties of fiber offer more benefits than others, depending on your health goals.
Combining Probiotics and Fiber
If you’re supplementing both probiotics and additional fiber, it’s typically best to take them separately since some of the beneficial bacteria can adhere to the fiber and be eliminated rather than absorbed.

Prebiotic fibers work with the good bacteria in the digestive system by increasing their numbers and activity, including their ability to support immunity and maintain the gut barrier against harmful pathogens. Prebiotics can also enhance the benefits of probiotics.

It’s preferable not to take probiotics and prebiotic fiber simultaneously because if the probiotics ferment the prebiotics too soon, this can cause bothersome symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating.

Synbiotics designed to be combined are the exception.
Synbiotics are combination products that typically contain probiotics with a prebiotic, most commonly inulin, GOS, or FOS, that supports its beneficial health effects. Research has found that synbiotics can enhance the microbiota, increasing beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.

The goal of a synbiotic is to maximize the health impact of both the good bacteria and the prebiotic fiber by providing them together. The amount of fiber in synbiotics varies, from very small quantities to larger amounts. Look for products that provide an optimal blend of probiotics with prebiotics.

Omni-Biotics’ probiotic products are all synbiotics. Each Omni-Biotic probiotic contains prebiotic nutrients specifically selected for the probiotic strains in the formulation. These prebiotic fibers act as the food source for the specific probiotic bacteria in the Omni-Biotic powder. When Omni-Biotic probiotics are dissolved in water prior to intake, the probiotic bacteria rehydrate and consume these prebiotic fibers. This makes them strong for their passage through the GI tract, ensuring they arrive in the intestine alive and metabolically active.
Is it Better to Take Prebiotics or Another Kind of Fiber?
Although all prebiotics are considered fiber, not all dietary fibers have prebiotic effects.
The benefits of prebiotics for digestion go beyond those of standard fiber since they nourish beneficial bacteria, leading to a healthier, more balanced gut microbiome.

Though humans have been consuming prebiotics in food since prehistoric times, research has uncovered their health benefits much more recently. Well-studied prebiotics include inulin, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and resistant starch.

Prebiotics are found naturally in some plant foods like chicory, artichokes, asparagus, onions, garlic, whole wheat, oats, and barley, as well as in some processed foods with added prebiotics. They are also available as supplements.
Prebiotics target good bacteria in the colon, particularly Bifidobacteria. Research has found that consumption of the prebiotics inulin, FOS, resistant starch, and GOS significantly increased levels of Bifidobacteria and other beneficial gut bacteria.

The benefits to gut flora are specific to fiber with prebiotic effects. A recent analysis of randomized controlled trials found that prebiotic fiber supplements lead to significantly higher counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli than non-prebiotic fiber supplements.

In addition to enhancing their diversity and activity, prebiotics can increase the gut bacteria’s production of short-chain fatty acids. These acids are critical in supporting the gut barrier and lowering colon pH. In turn, this promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibits gut pathogens. Enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids ensures adequate absorption of fluids and electrolytes in the colon and promotes intestinal motility.

Some prebiotics are more easily digested than others. Some, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, may not be well tolerated in larger doses and can cause digestive side effects such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

These symptoms may be temporary as your digestive tract adapts. To limit digestive upset, increase new fiber sources slowly and drink plenty of water to help move the fiber through your system.

There are various prebiotic supplements available. Since different prebiotics affect different strains of good bacteria, it’s optimal to take in a variety of prebiotics. A mixture of prebiotics may also most effectively support the beneficial actions of gut bacteria, like the production of short-chain fatty acids.

Omni-Biotic offers two different prebiotic options containing various beneficial fiber sources to meet your individual needs.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Constipation

Constipation, infrequent or difficult bowel movements, often of small, hard stools, is a common problem affecting both adults and children.

A lack of fiber and fluids can lead to constipation. Increasing fiber intake adds bulk and fluids to stool, making them softer and leading to easier passage and improved regularity.

Insoluble fibers, such as those found in whole grains, vegetables, beans, nuts, and fruits, are most effective for adding bulk to stool. For fiber supplements, however, experts frequently recommend soluble fibers such as psyllium for constipation and irritable bowel syndrome due to their ability to hold fluid and lead to softer stools.

Patients with constipation have been found in some studies to have lower levels of beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Several studies providing various species of Bifidobacteria probiotics found that they improved subjects’ constipation.

Prebiotic inulin has also been found to relieve constipation in some studies with adults and children. Additionally, several synbiotics with various combinations of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and the prebiotic fibers FOS, GOS, and inulin have also been found to improve constipation.

Omni-Biotic Balance is a synbiotic with multiple strains of beneficial bacteria selected to optimize digestion and reduce constipation. It includes species found to support the protective gut barrier, enhancing its mucus production and improving gut motility. It also provides small amounts of the prebiotics FOS and inulin to enhance its effects.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Diarrhea

Diarrhea can have many causes, some acute such as infections, food poisoning, or traveler’s diarrhea, and some chronic, including food intolerances or chronic gastrointestinal conditions.

Probiotics, particularly Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli species, have been found to improve infectious diarrhea, possibly due to their ability to fight off gastrointestinal pathogens by maintaining the gut barrier and enhancing immunity.

In addition, some probiotic strains have been associated with a reduced risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Containing 10 species of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, Omni-Biotic AB 10 significantly reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in two separate studies in surgical patients and nursing home residents.

Some prebiotics can also help ward off diarrhea due to GI pathogens. Research has found that supplements of the prebiotic fibers GOS and inulin significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea in travelers to high-risk areas.

Combining probiotics and beneficial prebiotics may be especially effective for combatting certain types of diarrhea. In one study, adding prebiotic inulin to a strain of Bifidobacteria improved the resolution of infectious diarrhea in children. Research has also found that synbiotics prevented traveler’s diarrhea.
Fiber vs. Probiotics for Optimized Digestion
Gas and bloating
are common symptoms of several common gastrointestinal conditions, including
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), constipation, and dietary intolerance. They can indicate an imbalance in the gut microbiome.

A
lack of regularity
resulting in constipation, diarrhea, or both, as can sometimes occur with IBS, can also indicate that your gut health is out of balance.

Probiotics and fiber can both play a part in reducing common gastrointestinal ailments and supporting a healthy gut.

Probiotics for Digestion
Various strains of both Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli have been associated with improved microbial balance and better digestive health, including better regularity and a reduction in constipation, bloating, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

A synbiotic composed of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and FOS was found to reduce digestive symptoms of lactose intolerance in one small study.
Prebiotics for Digestion
Research indicates that the prebiotics inulin and FOS can improve bowel regularity and gut barrier function. In some studies, prebiotic GOS supplements reduced some of the symptoms of patients with IBS.

Research has found that acacia fiber, a soluble fiber also known as gum arabic, may have prebiotic properties and can increase beneficial Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and their production of short-chain fatty acids. One study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome found that yogurt with acacia fiber and a strain of Bifidobacteria reduced their symptoms.

Omni-Biotic offers two prebiotic product options; Omni-Logic Immune provides acacia fiber and resistant starch, while Omni-Logic Plus provides FOS, GOS, and glucomannan.

The non-digestible fibers in prebiotics can cause side effects in sensitive individuals, including those with irritable bowel syndrome or other gastrointestinal conditions. If you have a chronic digestive condition, consult your healthcare provider or registered dietitian before trying new fiber sources or probiotics.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int max[10][10],need[10][10],alloc[10][10],avail[10],work[10];
int p,r,i,j,process,flag,executed=0,canExecute;
char finish[10];
printf("\nEnter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&r);

 //Input Max matrix
printf("\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
// Input Allocation Matrix
printf("\nEnter the allocation for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
}
// Input Available Resources after allocation
printf("\n\n Enter the Available Resources:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
scanf("%d",&avail[i]);
// Calculation of Need Matrix
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
printf("%d",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\t\t");
}
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
finish[i]='F';
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
work[j]=avail[j];
printf("\nSafe Sequence: ");
   while (executed < p) {
       flag = 0;
 
       for (i = 0; i < p; i++) {
           if (finish[i] == 'F') {
                canExecute = 1;
               
               // Check if need can be satisfied
               for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
                   if (need[i][j] > work[j]) {
                       canExecute = 0;
                       break;
                   }
               }
 
               if (canExecute) {
                   // Process can execute
                   printf("P%d ", i);
                   for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
                       work[j] += alloc[i][j];
 
                   finish[i] = 'T';
                   executed++;
                   flag = 1;
               }
           }
       }
 
       // If no process is executed in an iteration, break (unsafe state)
       if (flag == 0) {
           printf("\nSystem is in an unsafe state!");
           return 1;
       }
   }
 
   printf("\nSystem is in a safe state.");
   return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i,n,count=0,time_quantum,t,at[10],bt[10],rem_bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],flag=0,t=0;

floattotal_wt=0 , total_tat=0

printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d :",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");

scanf("%d",&time_quantum);

for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) 

        rem_bt[i] =  bt[i]; 

// Keep traversing processes in round robin manner  until all of them are not done. 

while (1) 

{ 

flag=1; 

// Traverse all processes one by one repeatedly 

for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) 

{ 

// If burst time of a process is greater than 0 then only need to process further 

if (rem_bt[i] > 0) 

{ 

flag=0; // There is a pending process 

		if (rem_bt[i] > time_quantum) 

		{ 

	// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

	t += time_quantum; 

		// Decrease the burst_time of current process by quantum 

		rem_bt[i] -= time_quantum;

		} 

// If burst time is smaller than or equal to quantum. Last cycle for this process 

else

{ 

// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

		t = t + rem_bt[i]; 

		 // Waiting time is current time minus time used by this process 

		wt[i] = t - bt[i]; 

		// As the process gets fully executed make its remaining burst time = 0

		 rem_bt[i] = 0;

}

}

}

if (flag==1)

break;

} 

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

	tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

printf("\n Process BT\t WT\t TAT \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \t",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

{

total_wt= total_wt+wt[i];

total_tat= total_tat+tat[i];

}

printf("\nAverage waiting time = %f", total_wt/n);

printf ("\nAverage turn around time = %f",total_tat/n);

}

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define max 30

void main()

{

Int i,j,n,t,p[max],bt[max],wt[max],tat[max],Total_wt=0,Total_tat=0;

float awt=0,atat=0;

printf("Enter the number of processes\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

//Enter the processes according to their arrival times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter the process number\n");

scanf("%d",&p[i]);

printf("Enter the burst time of the process\n");

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

//Apply the bubble sort technique to sort the processes according to their burst times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

	{

		if(bt[j]>bt[j+1])

		{

// Sort according to the burst times

		t=bt[j];

		bt[j]=bt[j+1];

		bt[j+1]=t;

		//Sorting Process Numbers

		t=p[j];

		p[j]=p[j+1];

		p[j+1]=t;

		}

	}

}

printf("Process\t Burst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turn Around Time\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	wt[i]=0;

	tat[i]=0;

	for(j=0;j<i;j++)

		wt[i]=wt[i]+bt[j];

	tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];

	Total_wt=Total_wt +wt[i];

	Total_tat=Total_tat+tat[i];

	printf("%d\t %d\t\t %d\t\t %d\n",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

}

awt=(float)Total_wt /n;

atat=(float)Total_tat /n;

printf("The average waiting time =  %f\n",awt);

printf("The average turn aroud time = %f\n",atat);

}

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i,n,count=0,time_quantum,t,at[10],bt[10],rem_bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],flag=0,t=0;

floattotal_wt=0 , total_tat=0

printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d :",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");

scanf("%d",&time_quantum);

for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) 

        rem_bt[i] =  bt[i]; 

// Keep traversing processes in round robin manner  until all of them are not done. 

while (1) 

{ 

flag=1; 

// Traverse all processes one by one repeatedly 

for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) 

{ 

// If burst time of a process is greater than 0 then only need to process further 

if (rem_bt[i] > 0) 

{ 

flag=0; // There is a pending process 

		if (rem_bt[i] > time_quantum) 

		{ 

	// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

	t += time_quantum; 

		// Decrease the burst_time of current process by quantum 

		rem_bt[i] -= time_quantum;

		} 

// If burst time is smaller than or equal to quantum. Last cycle for this process 

else

{ 

// Increase the value of t i.e. shows how much time a process has been processed 

		t = t + rem_bt[i]; 

		 // Waiting time is current time minus time used by this process 

		wt[i] = t - bt[i]; 

		// As the process gets fully executed make its remaining burst time = 0

		 rem_bt[i] = 0;

}

}

}

if (flag==1)

break;

} 

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

	tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

printf("\n Process BT\t WT\t TAT \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \t",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n ; i++)

{

total_wt= total_wt+wt[i];

total_tat= total_tat+tat[i];

}

printf("\nAverage waiting time = %f", total_wt/n);

printf ("\nAverage turn around time = %f",total_tat/n);

}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);

int main() {
    int n;
    
    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");
    
    while (1) {
        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
        scanf("%d", &n);
        
        switch (n) {
            case 1:
                if (empty != 0)
                    producer();
                else
                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");
                break;
                
            case 2:
                if (full != 0)
                    consumer();
                else
                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");
                break;
                
            case 3:
                exit(0);
                break;
        }
    }
}

int wait(int s) {
    return (--s);
}

int signal(int s) {
    return (++s);
}

void producer() {
    full = signal(full);
    empty = wait(empty);
    x++;
    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);
}

void consumer() {
    full = wait(full);
    empty = signal(empty);
    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);
    x--;
}

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define max 30

void main()

{

Int i,j,n,t,p[max],bt[max],wt[max],tat[max],Total_wt=0,Total_tat=0;

float awt=0,atat=0;

printf("Enter the number of processes\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

//Enter the processes according to their arrival times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter the process number\n");

scanf("%d",&p[i]);

printf("Enter the burst time of the process\n");

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

}

//Apply the bubble sort technique to sort the processes according to their burst times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

	{

		if(bt[j]>bt[j+1])

		{

// Sort according to the burst times

		t=bt[j];

		bt[j]=bt[j+1];

		bt[j+1]=t;

		//Sorting Process Numbers

		t=p[j];

		p[j]=p[j+1];

		p[j+1]=t;

		}

	}

}

printf("Process\t Burst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turn Around Time\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

	wt[i]=0;

	tat[i]=0;

	for(j=0;j<i;j++)

		wt[i]=wt[i]+bt[j];

	tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];

	Total_wt=Total_wt +wt[i];

	Total_tat=Total_tat+tat[i];

	printf("%d\t %d\t\t %d\t\t %d\n",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

}

awt=(float)Total_wt /n;

atat=(float)Total_tat /n;

printf("The average waiting time =  %f\n",awt);

printf("The average turn aroud time = %f\n",atat);

}

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();

void consumer();

int wait(int);

int signal(int);

int main() {

    int n;

    

    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");

    

    while (1) {

        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");

        scanf("%d", &n);

        

        switch (n) {

            case 1:

                if (empty != 0)

                    producer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");

                break;

                

            case 2:

                if (full != 0)

                    consumer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");

                break;

                

            case 3:

                exit(0);

                break;

        }

    }

}

int wait(int s) {

    return (--s);

}

int signal(int s) {

    return (++s);

}

void producer() {

    full = signal(full);

    empty = wait(empty);

    x++;

    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);

}

void consumer() {

    full = wait(full);

    empty = signal(empty);

    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);

    x--;

}

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int full = 0, empty = 3, x = 0;

void producer();

void consumer();

int wait(int);

int signal(int);

int main() {

    int n;

    

    printf("1. PRODUCER\n2. CONSUMER\n3. EXIT\n");

    

    while (1) {

        printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");

        scanf("%d", &n);

        

        switch (n) {

            case 1:

                if (empty != 0)

                    producer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS FULL\n");

                break;

                

            case 2:

                if (full != 0)

                    consumer();

                else

                    printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY\n");

                break;

                

            case 3:

                exit(0);

                break;

        }

    }

}

int wait(int s) {

    return (--s);

}

int signal(int s) {

    return (++s);

}

void producer() {

    full = signal(full);

    empty = wait(empty);

    x++;

    printf("In Producer: Produces the item %d\n", x);

}

void consumer() {

    full = wait(full);

    empty = signal(empty);

    printf("In Consumer: Consumes item %d\n", x);

    x--;

}

#include<stdio.h>

int main(

int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};

int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;

float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;

printf("Enter number of processes ");

scanf("d", &n);

printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("Enter processid");

scanf("@d",&pid[i]);

printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);

scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);

printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);

scanf("@d",&bt[il);

printf("in");

for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)

for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)

if (at[j]>at[+1])

{

// sorting the arrival times

temp = atD];

at|jl = at|j+1];

at[j+1] = temp;

I/ sorting the burst times

templ = btfl:

bti] = bt[j+1];

bt[j+1] = templ;

Il sorting the process numbers

temp2=pid[l;

pid[l=pidD+1];

pidlj+1]=temp2;

}

//calculate completion time of processes

forj=Ojj<n;jt+)

sum+=bbl;

ct[j]+=sum;

}

//calculate turnaround time and waiting times

for(k=0;k<n;kt+)

tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];

totalTAT+=tat[k];

wt[0]=0;

for(k=0;k<n;k++)

{

wt[k]=0;

forj=0;j<k;j++)

totalWT+=wt[k];

printf("Solution: In\n");

printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);

printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);

printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);

return 0;

}

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int full=0,empty=3,x=0;
main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n1.PRODUCER\n2.CONSUMER\n3.EXIT\n");
while(1)
{
printf("\nENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
if(empty!=0)
producer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS FULL");
break;
case 2:
if(full!=0)
consumer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY");
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
}
 
int wait(int s)
{
return(--s);
}
 
int signal(int s)
{
return(++s);
}
 
void producer()
{
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\n Producer produces the item%d \n",x);
}
 
void consumer()
{
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\n Consumer consumes item%d \n",x);
x--;
}
 

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int max[10][10],need[10][10],alloc[10][10],avail[10],work[10];
int p,r,i,j,process,flag,executed=0,canExecute;
char finish[10];
printf("\nEnter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&r);

 //Input Max matrix
printf("\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
// Input Allocation Matrix
printf("\nEnter the allocation for each process:");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
}
// Input Available Resources after allocation
printf("\n\n Enter the Available Resources:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
scanf("%d",&avail[i]);
// Calculation of Need Matrix
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
printf("%d",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\t\t");
}
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
finish[i]='F';
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
work[j]=avail[j];
printf("\nSafe Sequence: ");
   while (executed < p) {
       flag = 0;
 
       for (i = 0; i < p; i++) {
           if (finish[i] == 'F') {
                canExecute = 1;
               
               // Check if need can be satisfied
               for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
                   if (need[i][j] > work[j]) {
                       canExecute = 0;
                       break;
                   }
               }
 
               if (canExecute) {
                   // Process can execute
                   printf("P%d ", i);
                   for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
                       work[j] += alloc[i][j];
 
                   finish[i] = 'T';
                   executed++;
                   flag = 1;
               }
           }
       }
 
       // If no process is executed in an iteration, break (unsafe state)
       if (flag == 0) {
           printf("\nSystem is in an unsafe state!");
           return 1;
       }
   }
 
   printf("\nSystem is in a safe state.");
   return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>
int main(
int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};
int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;
float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;
printf("Enter number of processes ");
scanf("d", &n);
printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter processid");
scanf("@d",&pid[i]);
printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);
scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);
printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);
scanf("@d",&bt[il);
printf("in");
for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)
if (at[j]>at[+1])
{
// sorting the arrival times
temp = atD];
at|jl = at|j+1];
at[j+1] = temp;
I/ sorting the burst times
templ = btfl:
bti] = bt[j+1];
bt[j+1] = templ;
Il sorting the process numbers
temp2=pid[l;
pid[l=pidD+1];
pidlj+1]=temp2;
}
//calculate completion time of processes
forj=Ojj<n;jt+)
sum+=bbl;
ct[j]+=sum;
}
//calculate turnaround time and waiting times
for(k=0;k<n;kt+)
tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];
totalTAT+=tat[k];
wt[0]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
wt[k]=0;
forj=0;j<k;j++)
totalWT+=wt[k];
printf("Solution: In\n");
printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);
printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);
printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);
return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>
int main(
int pid[10]= (0},bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]=(0};
int n,sum=0,temp,templ,i.j,k,temp2;
float totalTAT=0,total WT=0;
printf("Enter number of processes ");
scanf("d", &n);
printf("Enter the processes detailsin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter processid");
scanf("@d",&pid[i]);
printf("Arrival time of process[d] ",i+1);
scanf("1/9d", &at[i]);
printf("Burst time of process%d] ",i+1);
scanf("@d",&bt[il);
printf("in");
for (i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for 0=0; j<n-i-1; j++)
if (at[j]>at[+1])
{
// sorting the arrival times
temp = atD];
at|jl = at|j+1];
at[j+1] = temp;
I/ sorting the burst times
templ = btfl:
bti] = bt[j+1];
bt[j+1] = templ;
Il sorting the process numbers
temp2=pid[l;
pid[l=pidD+1];
pidlj+1]=temp2;
}
//calculate completion time of processes
forj=Ojj<n;jt+)
sum+=bbl;
ct[j]+=sum;
}
//calculate turnaround time and waiting times
for(k=0;k<n;kt+)
tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];
totalTAT+=tat[k];
wt[0]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
wt[k]=0;
forj=0;j<k;j++)
totalWT+=wt[k];
printf("Solution: In\n");
printf("P#t AT\t BT\t CTit TAT\t WTitin\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Pd\t %dIt %dIt %d\t %dit %din",pid[i],at[il,bt[i],ct[il,tat[i],wtfil);
printf("In nAverage Turnaround Time = %fln", totalTAT/n);
printf("nAverage Waiting Time = %fn\n", totalWT/n);
return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {

    // Open a source file for reading

    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);

    if (source_fd == -1) {

        perror("Failed to open source.txt");

        exit(1);

    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing

    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);

    if (dest_fd == -1) {

        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");

        close(source_fd);

        exit(1);

    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file

    char buffer[1024];

    ssize_t nread;

    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {

        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {

            perror("Write error");

            close(source_fd);

            close(dest_fd);

            exit(1);

        }

    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading

    if (nread < 0) {

        perror("Read error");

    }

    // Close both files

    close(source_fd);

    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;

}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

int main() {
    // Open a source file for reading
    int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
    if (source_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open source.txt");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Create or open a destination file for writing
    int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (dest_fd == -1) {
        perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
        close(source_fd);
        exit(1);
    }

    // Read from the source file and write to the destination file
    char buffer[1024];
    ssize_t nread;
    while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
        if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
            perror("Write error");
            close(source_fd);
            close(dest_fd);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Check if there was an error during reading
    if (nread < 0) {
        perror("Read error");
    }

    // Close both files
    close(source_fd);
    close(dest_fd);

    return 0;
}

2. Write programs using the I/O system calls of UNIX/LINUX operating system(open, read, write, close, fcntl, seek, stat, opendir, readdir)Program:
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <string.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>int main() {// Open a source file for readingint source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);if (source_fd == -1) {perror("Failed to open source.txt");exit(1);}// Create or open a destination file for writingint dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);if (dest_fd == -1) {perror("Failed to open destination.txt");close(source_fd); // Close the source fileexit(1);}// Read from the source file and write to the destination filechar buffer[4096]; // A buffer to hold datassize_t nread;while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {perror("Write error");break;}}// Check if there was an error during readingif (nread < 0) {perror("Read error");}// Close both filesclose(source_fd);close(dest_fd);return 0;}Explanation:In this program, we use the following system calls:Open : Opens files.Read : Reads data from a file.Write : Writes data to a file.Close : Closes open files.Perror : Prints error messages.Fcntl : A system call for file control is not used in this example but is available for other file operations.Seek : File seeking operations are not used in this basic example.Stat : File stat functions are not used here.Opendir : Opening directories is not used in this example.Readdir : Reading directories is not used in this example.

2. Write programs using the I/O system calls of UNIX/LINUX operating system(open,
read, write, close, fcntl, seek, stat, opendir, readdir)
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int main() {
// Open a source file for reading
int source_fd = open("source.txt", O_RDONLY);
if (source_fd == -1) {
perror("Failed to open source.txt");
exit(1);
}
// Create or open a destination file for writing
int dest_fd = open("destination.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
if (dest_fd == -1) {
perror("Failed to open destination.txt");
close(source_fd); // Close the source file
exit(1);
}
// Read from the source file and write to the destination file
char buffer[4096]; // A buffer to hold data
ssize_t nread;
while ((nread = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
if (write(dest_fd, buffer, nread) != nread) {
perror("Write error");
break;
}
}
// Check if there was an error during reading
if (nread < 0) {
perror("Read error");
}
// Close both files
close(source_fd);
close(dest_fd);
return 0;
}
Explanation:
In this program, we use the following system calls:
Open : Opens files.
Read : Reads data from a file.
Write : Writes data to a file.
Close : Closes open files.
Perror : Prints error messages.
Fcntl : A system call for file control is not used in this example but is available for other file
operations.
Seek Stat : File seeking operations are not used in this basic example.
: File stat functions are not used here.
Opendir Readdir : Opening directories is not used in this example.
: Reading directories is not used in this example.

Beyond Traditional Dog Walking
Today’s lifestyle demands more than just walking your dog – it’s about seamlessly integrating your pet into your daily routine. Whether you’re grabbing your morning coffee, answering important calls, or handling countless daily tasks,

The Good Walker Hands-free Leash transforms these moments from challenging juggling acts into smooth, natural experiences.

Your Daily Life Enhanced
Picture your typical morning: coffee in one hand, phone in the other, and now your dog walks perfectly beside you. The Good Walker Hands-free Leash makes this possible by securing comfortably around your waist, leaving your hands free for life’s demands while maintaining perfect control of your dog. This isn’t just a leash; it’s a lifestyle upgrade that understands your needs.
For tips on how to ensure a calm and controlled walking experience, read our guide on building calmness in your dog.

Modern Features for Modern Life
The innovative design reflects a deep understanding of today’s active lifestyle:

Ergonomic waist belt: Distributes weight evenly for all-day comfort.
Quick-release system: Provides instant control in unexpected situations.
Adjustable design: Adapts to various outfits and occasions.
Premium materials: Combines durability and style, perfect for any scenario.
Professional Life Integration
Taking work calls? The Good Walker Hands-free Leash lets you maintain a professional presence even during dog walks. Need to check emails or join a quick video call? No problem. The stable control ensures your dog stays perfectly behaved while you handle business.

Urban Adventure Made Simple
City living presents unique challenges for dog owners. The Good Walker Hands-free Leash excels in urban environments where multitasking isn’t just convenient – it’s necessary. Navigate busy streets, handle public transportation, or make quick stops at shops while maintaining constant, comfortable control of your dog.

For guidance on ensuring your dog feels confident in urban settings, explore our tips on boosting your dog’s confidence.

Smart Design, Smarter Walking
The thoughtful design addresses real-world needs with practical solutions:

Shock-absorbing system: Prevents sudden pulls, perfect for when you’re carrying your morning coffee.
Secure attachment point: Keeps your dog safely connected while freeing up your hands for tasks like handling your phone or shopping bags.
Quick adjustment features: Allow for seamless transitions between different activities.
Comfort Meets Control
Walking your dog should enhance your day, not complicate it. The balanced design means no more shoulder strain from traditional leashes. The waist attachment point provides natural, intuitive control while maintaining perfect posture.

Learn more about effective leash techniques to stop pulling for smoother walks.

Daily Activities Transformed
Experience how everyday moments become easier:

Morning coffee runs become peaceful rituals.
Work calls turn into walking meetings.
Shopping trips stay stress-free.
Social media captures happen naturally.
Quick errands remain simple and efficient.
For added safety during your walks, check out our guide on creating a pet disaster kit.

Ready for Your Modern Life
The Good Walker Hands-free Leash adapts to your lifestyle, not the other way around. It’s more than just a hands-free solution – it’s a transformation in how you experience daily life with your dog. From morning routines to evening activities, discover how modern dog walking should feel.
Make the switch to hands-free walking and experience the freedom of staying connected to your dog while managing life’s many demands. It’s time your dog walking solution matched your modern lifestyle.

Scheimpflug: Your Go-To Camera Rental Partner in NYC
When it comes to camera rental in NYC, Scheimpflug Staging is a premier provider, offering a wide selection of high-quality, professional-grade equipment for filmmakers, photographers, and content creators. Whether you're working on a commercial, documentary, or independent project, Scheimpflug has the gear to match your needs, ensuring that your production is equipped with the best technology available.
A Wide Range of Top-Tier Equipment
Scheimpflug’s inventory includes cutting-edge gear from industry-leading brands like Blackmagic, Canon, Sony, Nikon, and Arri. For those seeking the latest in mirrorless technology, they offer an impressive selection of Sony mirrorless cameras, which are known for their exceptional image quality and versatility. Whether you're shooting high-end cinematography or need a versatile camera for photography, you can rely on Scheimpflug’s extensive offerings. Additionally, they provide lenses, rigs, tripods, and other essential accessories, so you can rent everything you need from one place.
Flexible Rental Options for Every Project
Scheimpflug’s camera rental options in NYC are designed to be flexible, whether you need equipment for a few days or several months. Their short-term and long-term rental solutions are perfect for both large-scale productions and smaller, independent projects. This flexibility ensures that you always have access to the latest and most reliable technology, no matter the size or scope of your project.
Expert Guidance & Personalized Service
What makes Scheimpflug stand out is their commitment to providing expert guidance and personalized service. Their team is dedicated to helping you select the perfect gear for your project, offering tailored recommendations based on your specific needs. Whether you’re new to the industry or a seasoned professional, Scheimpflug ensures that you get the best equipment for your production, including their top-rated Sony mirrorless cameras.
Trusted for Quality and Reliability
Scheimpflug has earned a reputation as one of the most trusted providers of camera rentals in NYC. Their dedication to high-quality products, including Sony mirrorless cameras, and exceptional customer service ensures that you have the right equipment for a successful shoot. Quality and reliability are essential in the fast-paced world of filmmaking and photography, and Scheimpflug's consistent support makes them the go-to choice for creatives in New York City.
Bring Your Creative Vision to Life
Whether you’re just starting out or you’re an experienced professional, Scheimpflug has the tools to bring your creative vision to life. With a wide selection of cameras, including Sony mirrorless cameras, and other essential accessories, plus flexible rental options, Scheimpflug is your ideal partner for photography and filmmaking projects in New York City.
In a city where the right gear can make all the difference, camera rental in NYC from Scheimpflug ensures you’ll have the equipment you need to succeed. From Sony to Arri, their high-performance cameras and dedicated service are designed to help you take your project to the next level.

Owning a small business is like juggling multiple balls in the air. From managing inventory to customer service, you’ve got your hands full. But what about your website? It’s easy to overlook, but your website is one of your most valuable business assets. In this article, we’ll discuss why small businesses, in particular, should consider hiring the best website maintenance companies to take care of their online presence.

The Digital Storefront
Think of your website as your digital storefront. Just like you wouldn’t leave your physical store in disarray, your website also needs regular upkeep. The best website maintenance companies can help keep your digital storefront clean, functional, and welcoming.

What Could Go Wrong? A Lot.
Security Risks: Outdated software can make your website a target for hackers.
Poor User Experience: Broken links, slow load times, and outdated content can turn visitors away.
SEO Downfall: A poorly maintained website can severely affect your search engine rankings.
The Perks of Professional Maintenance
Save Time and Energy
Running a small business is time-consuming. Offload the technical work to experts so you can focus on what you do best.

Boost Sales
A well-maintained website offers a better user experience, which can lead to increased sales and customer loyalty.

Stay Competitive
In the digital age, a functional and up-to-date website is crucial for staying competitive in your industry.

Why the Best Website Maintenance Companies?
Expertise: They bring a wealth of knowledge in various areas like coding, design, and SEO.
Reliability: With a reputable company, you can trust that your website is in good hands.
Cost-Effectiveness: While it may seem like an added expense, a good maintenance company can actually save you money in the long run.
Real Stories, Real Results
The Local Bakery: After hiring a maintenance company, a local bakery saw a 25% increase in online orders.
The Craft Store: Regular website updates helped a craft store improve its search engine rankings, resulting in a 20% increase in organic traffic.
In Conclusion
Your website is too important to neglect. It’s the digital face of your business and deserves as much care and attention as any other aspect of your business. By hiring one of the best website maintenance companies, you’re not just making a smart business move; you’re investing in the long-term success of your small business.

Typescript 
{
  // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
  // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
  // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "ts-node",
      "type": "node",
      "request": "launch",
      "skipFiles": [
        "<node_internals>/**",
        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.js",
        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.ts",
      ],
      // "args": [
      //   "${relativeFile}"
      // ],
      "args": [
        "${workspaceFolder}/src/index.ts"
      ],
      "restart": true,
      "runtimeArgs": [
        // "-r",
        // "ts-node/register"
        "nodemon",
        "--watch",
        "src", // Watch the `src` folder for changes
        "--ext",
        "ts,js,json", // Watch for changes in .ts, .js, and .json files
        "--exec",
        "ts-node"
      ],
      "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
      "internalConsoleOptions": "openOnSessionStart",
      "runtimeExecutable": "npx"
    }
  ]
}
-------------------------------------
React

{

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  // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.

// For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387

  "version": "0.2.0",

  "configurations": [

    {

      "type": "chrome",

      "request": "launch",

      "name": "Launch Chrome against localhost",

"url": "http://localhost:3000",

      "webRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",

      "skipFiles": [

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.js",

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.ts",

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.jsx",

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.tsx",

        "**/bundler.js"

      ]

    }

  ]

}

-------------------------------------------------

Node

{

  // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.

  // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.

// For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387

  "version": "0.2.0",

  "configurations": [

    {

      "type": "node",

      "request": "launch",

      "name": "Launch Program",

      "skipFiles": [

        "<node_internals>/**",

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.js",

        "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/**/*.ts"

      ],

      "program": "${workspaceFolder}\\app.js",

      "restart": true,

      "runtimeExecutable": "nodemon",

      "console": "integratedTerminal",

      "sourceMaps": true, // I dunno what this does,

      "smartStep": true  // can remove both of these

    }

  ]

}
----------------------------------------------

The world of corporate gifting is always evolving. As we step into 2025, businesses are looking for fresh, creative, and impactful gift ideas to show appreciation for their employees. Gone are the days of generic pens and boring notebooks—today’s corporate gifts are all about personalization, functionality, and aligning with modern values like sustainability and innovation.

In this blog, we’ll explore the top corporate gift trends for 2025 that your team will absolutely love. Whether you’re celebrating employee milestones, hosting a corporate event, or simply saying "thank you," these ideas will make a lasting impression.

1. Personalized Branded Merchandise
Customization remains a top trend in 2025. Personalized branded merchandise, such as tote bags, pens, or water bottles, continues to be a favorite. Adding an employee’s name, your company logo, or a unique message makes the gift special and memorable.

For example, Scarborough & Tweed’s custom tote bags offer a perfect blend of practicality and style. Employees will appreciate a functional gift they can use every day, all while proudly representing your brand.

Why it works: Personalization shows thoughtfulness and makes employees feel valued as individuals.

2. Eco-Friendly Corporate Gifts
Sustainability is no longer just a buzzword—it’s a priority for businesses in 2025. Eco-friendly corporate gifts, such as reusable water bottles, bamboo notebooks, or sustainable gift boxes, are a thoughtful way to align your brand with environmental values.

For businesses focused on making a positive impact, Scarborough & Tweed’s sustainable gifting solutions offer excellent options.

Why it works: Employees appreciate companies that care about the environment and prioritize sustainable practices.

3. Premium Quality Bags
In 2025, high-quality bags remain a popular choice for corporate gifts. Scarborough & Tweed’s iconic Signature Banker Bags are the perfect example of a premium gift that combines functionality and style. These bags are durable, versatile, and professional, making them ideal for employees who are always on the go.

Why it works: Premium gifts like high-quality bags reflect your company’s commitment to excellence and leave a lasting impression.

4. Tech Accessories and Gadgets
Tech gifts are always in demand, and 2025 is no exception. From wireless chargers to custom-branded Bluetooth speakers, tech gadgets make practical and exciting gifts. Employees working in hybrid or remote environments especially appreciate tools that make their day-to-day tasks easier.

Why it works: Tech gifts are highly functional and appeal to employees across all industries.

5. Curated Gift Boxes
Gift boxes are a rising trend in corporate gifting. A curated gift box filled with items like gourmet snacks, candles, and branded swag makes for an impressive and thoughtful gesture. Scarborough & Tweed specializes in creating custom corporate gift boxes tailored to your company’s needs.

Why it works: Gift boxes offer variety and a sense of luxury, making them a favorite among employees.

6. Onsite Gifting Experiences
Onsite gifting experiences are taking corporate events to the next level in 2025. Imagine giving employees the opportunity to choose their own custom gifts at a company event or conference. Scarborough & Tweed’s onsite gifting solutions make this possible, offering a memorable and interactive experience.

Why it works: Onsite gifting adds a personal touch and creates excitement among employees.

7. Wellness and Self-Care Gifts
In today’s fast-paced world, wellness and self-care gifts are more relevant than ever. Corporate gift ideas like yoga mats, essential oil diffusers, or curated relaxation kits show that you care about your employees’ well-being.

Why it works: These gifts promote work-life balance and demonstrate genuine care for employees’ health and happiness.

8. Seasonal and Holiday Gifts
Seasonal gifts are a great way to celebrate holidays and special occasions with your team. Customized holiday gift boxes, festive candles, or corporate chocolate gift sets can bring warmth and cheer to the workplace.

Check out Scarborough & Tweed’s blog on corporate holiday gifting ideas for more inspiration.

Why it works: Seasonal gifts foster a sense of celebration and unity within the team.

9. High-End Luxury Gifts
For special occasions or top-performing employees, luxury gifts are an excellent choice. High-end items like premium leather goods, executive gift baskets, or custom golf shirts can make employees feel truly appreciated. Scarborough & Tweed offers luxury corporate gifting options that cater to this trend.

Why it works: Luxury gifts make a bold statement and show that you’re willing to invest in your team.

Conclusion: Gifts That Make a Difference in 2025
Corporate gifting in 2025 is all about personalization, sustainability, and creating meaningful connections. Whether it’s a high-quality Banker Bag, a curated gift box, or a tech gadget, the right corporate gift can leave a lasting impression on your employees.

At Scarborough & Tweed, we make it easy to find gifts your team will love. Explore our wide range of custom corporate gifting solutions and discover how we can help you show appreciation in a thoughtful and impactful way.

After a car accident, one of the first steps you will take is dealing with insurance companies—both your own and the other driver’s. While insurance is supposed to provide financial protection, insurers often prioritize their own profits over your best interests. Many accident victims make mistakes when speaking with adjusters, which can result in reduced compensation or even claim denial.

Understanding how insurance companies operate, common tactics they use, and how to protect your rights is essential. At The Law Office of Don Edwards, we help car accident victims navigate insurance negotiations to secure the compensation they deserve.

Understanding How Insurance Companies Operate
Insurance adjusters are trained to minimize payouts and close claims as quickly as possible. No matter how friendly they may seem, their goal is to settle your claim for as little money as possible.

Some of the most common tactics used by insurance companies include:

Offering a quick, low settlement before the full extent of injuries is known
Delaying claims processing to frustrate the victim into accepting a lower offer
Disputing liability to shift blame onto the victim
Requesting a recorded statement to use the victim’s words against them
Downplaying medical injuries by arguing that they were pre-existing or not serious
Accident victims should be cautious when speaking to insurance adjusters and avoid accepting any settlement offers without consulting an attorney. Learn more about how evidence impacts personal injury claims in The Importance of Evidence in Personal Injury Cases.

Steps to Take When Dealing with Insurance Companies
1. Notify Your Insurance Company Immediately
Most insurance policies require drivers to report accidents within a reasonable time. Delaying notification can be used as a reason to deny the claim. When reporting the accident:

Stick to basic facts (location, date, and time of the accident)
Do not admit fault or make speculative statements
Avoid discussing injuries until a full medical evaluation is complete
If the insurance company requests a recorded statement, politely decline and consult an attorney first.

2. Document Everything
Keeping a detailed record of all interactions with the insurance company is crucial. Maintain copies of:

Accident reports
Medical bills and records
Emails and letters from insurance adjusters
Any settlement offers
Photographs and witness statements are also valuable in proving liability and maximizing your compensation. More on what evidence to collect after an accident is available in Steps to Take Immediately After a Personal Injury Accident.

3. Be Cautious When Discussing Your Injuries
Insurance companies often try to downplay the severity of injuries by arguing that:

The injuries were pre-existing
The victim is exaggerating pain
Medical treatment was unnecessary
To prevent these arguments from harming your claim, seek immediate medical attention and follow all treatment recommendations from your doctor. Never sign a medical records release without speaking to an attorney.

4. Do Not Accept the First Settlement Offer
Insurance companies intentionally offer low settlements early in the claims process, hoping victims will accept without knowing the full extent of their damages. Accepting a quick settlement waives your right to seek additional compensation later.

It is important to calculate the full value of your claim, including:

Past and future medical expenses
Lost wages and loss of earning potential
Pain and suffering damages
Vehicle repair or replacement costs
Insurance adjusters are skilled at convincing victims that their case is worth less than it actually is. An experienced attorney ensures that you receive fair compensation for your losses.

Common Insurance Company Tactics and How to Counter Them
Claim Denial Without Justification
Some insurers deny claims outright, hoping the victim will give up rather than fight back. If your claim is denied without explanation, request a written denial letter outlining the specific reasons for rejection.

An attorney can challenge unfair denials by gathering additional evidence and negotiating with the insurer.

Blaming the Victim for the Accident
Georgia follows a comparative negligence rule, meaning compensation is reduced if the victim is found partially at fault for the accident. Insurance companies often use this to their advantage, arguing that the victim was speeding, distracted, or failed to avoid the collision.

To counter these claims:

Provide police reports, witness statements, and accident reconstruction analysis
Never accept fault or responsibility when speaking with adjusters
Let your attorney handle all liability disputes
More information about how fault is determined in accidents can be found in How to Prove Fault in a Trucking Accident.

Using Delays to Pressure Victims
Insurance companies may delay claims processing by ignoring calls, requesting excessive documentation, or dragging out investigations. This is a common tactic to pressure victims into accepting lower settlements.

A legal demand letter from an attorney can often speed up the process and force the insurer to act in good faith.

Why Hiring a Car Accident Attorney is Crucial
Navigating insurance negotiations alone can be overwhelming. Without legal representation, victims risk settling for less than they deserve or having their claim denied altogether.

An attorney can:

Handle all communication with insurance adjusters
Gather and present evidence to strengthen your claim
Negotiate a fair settlement to cover all damages
Take the case to court if the insurer refuses to offer a reasonable amount
Attorney Don Edwards has successfully represented car accident victims in Georgia for decades. Learn more about his approach on the Auto & Trucking Collisions Services page.

Take Action to Protect Your Claim
Dealing with insurance companies after an accident can be stressful and frustrating, but you do not have to handle it alone. With the right legal guidance, you can protect your rights and secure the full compensation you are entitled to.

If you or a loved one has been injured in a car accident, contact The Law Office of Don Edwards today for a free consultation. Our team is committed to fighting for maximum compensation so that you can focus on recovery.