from PIL import Image  
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

img_paht = "/content/drive/MyDrive/Imagenes/"
file = img_paht+'6.jpg'

I = Image.open(file)
plt.imshow(I)
plt.title('Imagen_1'),plt.axis('off') 
plt.show()

# import required module
import unidecode
 
# assign string
string = "orčpžsíáýd"
 
# display original string
print('\nOriginal String:', string)
 
# remove ascents
outputString = unidecode.unidecode(string)
 
# display new string
print('\nNew String:', outputString)

for x in "banana":
  print(x) 
​

wb = op.load_workbook(filename=BytesIO(bb))
ws = wb.worksheets[0]
_data = ws.values
columns = next(_data)[0:]
df = pd.DataFrame(_data, columns=columns)

import requests
from io import BytesIO
import tarfile
import openpyxl as op
url = "https://url/files.tar.gz".format(_name.lower())
    r1 = requests.get(url, stream=True, verify=False)
    #print(_config, r1.status_code)
    if (_config and r1.status_code == 200):
        try:    
            tar = tarfile.open(fileobj=BytesIO(r1.content))
            bb = tar.extractfile('output/risks.xlsx').read()
            wb = op.load_workbook(filename=BytesIO(bb))
            ws = wb.worksheets[0]
            _data = ws.values
            columns = next(_data)[0:]
            df = pd.DataFrame(_data, columns=columns)
            df['Application'] = _name.upper()
            df['ST'] = _config
            _final = _final.append(df[1:])

from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/drive', force_remount=True)
root_dir = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
base_dir = root_dir + '[nombre_directorio_especifico]'
print(base_dir)

#end = ''
#pass the end = '' argument in your print()

print(*[1, 2, 3], end = '')

class node:            
    '''
     IN BETWEEN NODES IN LINKEDLIST
    '''
         
    def __init__(self,data=None):
        self.data = data 
        self.nextref=None
        
class linkedlist:
    def __init__(self): 
        self.head=None           # Todo head node intialize
        

            
    def insert(self,newdata):    #Todo insertng at beginning of the node
        newnode=node(newdata)
        newnode.nextref =self.head
        self.head=newnode
        
    def middle(self,pos,newdata):
        newnode=node(newdata)
        if pos< 1:
            print("exist") 
        elif (pos==1):
            newnode.nextref =self.head
            self.head=newnode
        else:
            temp=self.head
            for i in range(1,pos-1):
                if(temp!=None):
                    temp=temp.nextref
            if(temp!=None):
                newnode.nextref=temp.nextref
                temp.nextref=newnode
            else:
                print("null")
        
    def append(self,newdata):
        newnode=node(newdata)
        if self.head is None:
            self.head=newnode
            return
        temp=self.head
        while(temp.nextref):
            temp=temp.nextref
            temp.nextref=newnode
            
            
    def deletef(self):
        if(self.head!=None):
            temp=self.head
            self.head=self.head.nextref
            temp=None
       
    def printlist(self):         # TODO PRINT THE NODE
        temp=self.head
        while (temp):
            print(temp.data,end='')
            temp=temp.nextref
         
      
           
        
l1=linkedlist()
                              #todo connecting the nodes second to third

l1.insert(1) 
l1.insert(7)                   #todo inserting the node calling before printlist()
l1.insert(8)
l1.insert(9)

l1.deletef()
l1.middle(6,10)
l1.middle(7,38)



l1.append(6)
l1.printlist()                  #todo callling the printfunction

>>> from darts.dataprocessing.transformers import Scaler

>>> transformer = Scaler(scaler)

>>> series_transformed = transformer.fit_transform(series)

>>> series_inversed_transformed = transformer.inverse_transform(series_transformed)

#Python function 
 def func_name(param):
      return param + 10

#Python lambda
func_name = lambda param: param + 10

hwid = str(subprocess.check_output(
    'wmic csproduct get uuid')).split('\\r\\n')[1].strip('\\r').strip()
data = requests.get(
    'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rishav394/z/raw/x')
if hwid in data.text:
    print('Authenticated!')
    auth = True
else:
    print(hwid + ' was not found on the server.\nNot authorised!')

def format_time(minutes):
    hours_total = minutes // 60
    # Get additional minutes with modulus
    minutes_total = minutes % 60
    # Create time as a string
    time_string = "{} hours {} minutes".format(hours_total, minutes_total)
    return time_string

def generateParenthesis(n):
    #only add parentehsis if openN < n 
    #only add close parenthesis if closeN < openN 
    #valid if open == closed == n 

    stack = []
    res = []
    
    def backtrack(openN, closeN): 
        if openN == closeN == n: 
            res.append("".join(stack))
            return 
        if openN < n: 
            stack.append('(')
            backtrack(openN + 1, closeN)
            stack.pop()
        if closeN < openN: 
            stack.append(")")
            backtrack(openN, closeN + 1)
            stack.pop()
        #stack.pop() is necessary to clean up stack and come up with other solutions 
        
    backtrack(0, 0)
    #concept is you build openN, closeN but initially, they are at 0 
    return res 

generateParenthesis(3)

def dutch_flag_sort(arr):
  #set low and high pointer 
  low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1 

  i = 0 

  #iterate through arr 
  while i <= high: 
    #if arr[i] is 0, set it before low via swapping 
    #elif arr[i] is 2, set it after high via swapping 
    #elif arr[i] is 1, it will naturally fall in the middle 
    if arr[i] == 0: 
      arr[i], arr[low] = arr[low], arr[i] 
      low += 1 
      i += 1 
    elif arr[i] == 1: 
      i += 1 
    else: #arr[i] == 2: 
      arr[i], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[i] 
      high -= 1 
    
  
  return   

def find_subarrays(arr, target):
  def Remove(lst):
    return ([list(i) for i in {*[tuple(sorted(i)) for i in lst]}])
  result = []
  #iterate through arr (up to len(arr) - 1) 
  for i in range(len(arr) - 1): 
      first = arr[i]
      second = arr[i + 1] 
      product = first * second 
      if first < target and first not in result: 
          result.append([first]) 
      if second < target and second not in result: 
          result.append([second])
      if product < target: 
        result.append([first, second]) 
      else: 
          continue 
    

  
  return Remove(result)  


#alternate solution that avoids making duplicate sublists in the first place 
from collections import deque


def find_subarrays(arr, target):
  result = []
  product = 1
  left = 0
  for right in range(len(arr)):
    product *= arr[right]
    while (product >= target and left <= right):
      product /= arr[left]
      left += 1
    # since the product of all numbers from left to right is less than the target therefore,
    # all subarrays from left to right will have a product less than the target too; to avoid
    # duplicates, we will start with a subarray containing only arr[right] and then extend it
    temp_list = deque()
    for i in range(right, left-1, -1):
      temp_list.appendleft(arr[i])
      result.append(list(temp_list))
  return result


def main():
  print(find_subarrays([2, 5, 3, 10], 30))
  print(find_subarrays([8, 2, 6, 5], 50))


main()

def length_of_longest_substring(arr, k):
  #set start, maxLength, maxRepeat 
  start, maxLength, maxRepeat = 0, 0, 0 
  #set frequencyDict 
  frequencyDict = {} 
  
  #iterate through arr
  for end in range(len(arr)): 
    #add to frequencyDict 
    right = arr[end]
    if right not in frequencyDict: 
        frequencyDict[right] = 1 
    else: 
        frequencyDict[right] += 1 
    #find maxRepeat 
    maxRepeat = max(maxRepeat, frequencyDict[right]) 
    
    #evaluate window 
    if (end - start + 1 - maxRepeat) > k: 
        #reduce window by 1 and adjust frequency map 
        left = arr[start] 
        frequencyDict[left] -= 1 
        start += 1 
    
    #check maxLength 
    maxLength = max(maxLength, end - start + 1) 

  return maxLength

length_of_longest_substring([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1], 3)

df = ...

mask = [True, False, True, True]

df[mask]

# Alternatively, you can use
df.loc[[mask]

pi = 3.14159
radius = 2.2
# area of circle equation
area = pi*(radius**2)
print(area)

text = "X-DSPAM-Confidence:    0.8475"
indexof0 = text.find('0')
intindexof0 = int(indexof0)
indexof5 = text.find('5')
intindexof5 = int(indexof5)
Extract = text[intindexof0:intindexof5+1]
print(float(Extract))

fruit1 = input('Please enter the name of first fruit:\n')
fruit2 = input('Please enter the name of second fruit:\n')

if fruit1 < fruit2:
    print(fruit1 + " comes before " + fruit2 + " in the dictionary.")
elif fruit1 > fruit2:
    print(fruit1 + " comes after " + fruit2 + " in the dictionary.")
else:
    print(fruit1 + " and " + fruit2 + " are same.")

# variable.find() searches for the position of one string within another. Values printed are the index of the substring. Outputs are in comment. 
data = 'From stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za Sat Jan  5 09:14:16 2008'
atpos = data.find('@')
print(atpos)
# 21
sppos = data.find(' ',atpos)
print(sppos)
# 31
host = data[atpos+1:sppos]
print(host)
# uct.ac.za

class Solution:
    def checkInclusion(self, s1: str, s2: str) -> bool:
        s1Dict = {}
    
        for char in s1: 
            if char not in s1Dict: 
                s1Dict[char] = 1 
            else: 
                s1Dict[char] += 1 

        left = 0 


        compareDict = {}

        for right in range((left + (len(s1) - 1)), len(s2)): 
            if s2[left] in s1: 
                compare = s2[left:right + 1] #makes a list of chars from left to right pointers 
                for char in compare: 
                    if char not in compareDict: 
                        compareDict[char] = 1 
                    else: 
                        compareDict[char] += 1 
                if compareDict == s1Dict: 
                    return True 
                else: 
                    compareDict.clear() 
                    left += 1 
                    continue 



            else: 
                left += 1 

        return False 

class Solution:
    def maxArea(self, height: List[int]) -> int:
        left, right = 0, len(height) - 1 
        
        maxArea = 0 
        
        while left < right: 
            heightOne = height[left] 
            heightTwo = height[right] 
            
            area = min(heightOne, heightTwo) * (right - left) 
            maxArea = max(area, maxArea) 
            
            if heightTwo >= heightOne: #if heights are equal, it doesn't matter if you move left or right pointer 
                left += 1 
            elif heightTwo < heightOne: 
                right -= 1 
            
        return maxArea 
        
        
# BRUTE FORCE 
#         maxArea = 0 

#         for i in range(len(height)): 
#             for secondI in range(i + 1, len(height)): 
#                 heightOne = height[i]
#                 heightTwo = height[secondI]
#                 area = min(heightOne, heightTwo) * (secondI - i) 
#                 maxArea = max(area, maxArea) 

#         return maxArea 

from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors


def plot_colortable(colors, sort_colors=True, emptycols=0):

    cell_width = 212
    cell_height = 22
    swatch_width = 48
    margin = 12

    # Sort colors by hue, saturation, value and name.
    if sort_colors is True:
        by_hsv = sorted((tuple(mcolors.rgb_to_hsv(mcolors.to_rgb(color))),
                         name)
                        for name, color in colors.items())
        names = [name for hsv, name in by_hsv]
    else:
        names = list(colors)

    n = len(names)
    ncols = 4 - emptycols
    nrows = n // ncols + int(n % ncols > 0)

    width = cell_width * 4 + 2 * margin
    height = cell_height * nrows + 2 * margin
    dpi = 72

    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(width / dpi, height / dpi), dpi=dpi)
    fig.subplots_adjust(margin/width, margin/height,
                        (width-margin)/width, (height-margin)/height)
    ax.set_xlim(0, cell_width * 4)
    ax.set_ylim(cell_height * (nrows-0.5), -cell_height/2.)
    ax.yaxis.set_visible(False)
    ax.xaxis.set_visible(False)
    ax.set_axis_off()

    for i, name in enumerate(names):
        row = i % nrows
        col = i // nrows
        y = row * cell_height

        swatch_start_x = cell_width * col
        text_pos_x = cell_width * col + swatch_width + 7

        ax.text(text_pos_x, y, name, fontsize=14,
                horizontalalignment='left',
                verticalalignment='center')

        ax.add_patch(
            Rectangle(xy=(swatch_start_x, y-9), width=swatch_width,
                      height=18, facecolor=colors[name], edgecolor='0.7')
        )

    return fig

plot_colortable(mcolors.TABLEAU_COLORS, sort_colors=False, emptycols=2)

def length_of_longest_substring(str1, k):
    window_start, max_length, max_repeat_letter_count = 0, 0, 0 
    
    frequency_map = {} 
    
    #try to extend window [window_start, window_end] 
    for window_end in range(len(str1)): 
        right_char = str1[window_end]
        if right_char not in frequency_map: 
            frequency_map[right_char] = 1 
        else: 
            frequency_map[right_char] += 1 
    
        #we don't need to place the maxRepeatLetterCount under the below 'if'
        #while shrinking window, we don't need to update maxRepeatLetterCount 
        #since we are only interested in longest valid substring, our sliding windows do not have to shrink even if a window may cover an invalid substring 
        max_repeat_letter_count = max(max_repeat_letter_count, frequency_map[right_char]) 
        
        #determine if window is still valid 
        #if remaining letters are more than k, it is time to shrink window as we are not allowed to replace more than k letters 
        evaluate_window = window_end - window_start + 1 - max_repeat_letter_count
        if evaluate_window > k: 
            left_char = str1[window_start] 
            frequency_map[left_char] -= 1 
            window_start += 1 
        
        max_length = max(max_length, window_end - window_start + 1) 
    
    return max_length 

length_of_longest_substring("aabccbb", 2)








#alternate solution 
class Solution:
    def characterReplacement(self, s: str, k: int) -> int:
        count = {}
        
        result = 0 
        
        left = 0 
        
        for right in range(len(s)): 
            #add s[right] to count dictionary 
            count[s[right]] = 1 + count.get(s[right], 0) #if s[right] does not exist in count hashmap, then set default value to 0 
            
            #make sure current window is valid 
            #while (windowLength - length of most frequent char in count hashmap) > k 
            while (right - left + 1) - max(count.values()) > k: #this statement means window is no longer valid 
                #need to remove one from s[left] 
                count[s[left]] -= 1 
                left += 1 
            
            
            result = max(result, right - left + 1)
        
        return result 

# The best you can do is create a new string that is a variation on the original
greeting = 'Hello, world!'
new_greeting = 'J' + greeting[1:]
print(new_greeting)

#output
Jello, world!

>>> fruit = 'banana'
>>> fruit[3:3]
''

class Solution:
    def threeSum(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        result = []
        
        nums.sort() 
        
        for i, a in enumerate(nums): 
            if i > 0 and a == nums[i - 1]: #this is so you don't reuse same value twice to avoid duplicates at end 
                continue 
            
            #next part is basically two sum 
            
            l, r = i + 1, len(nums) - 1 
            
            while l < r: 
                threeSum = a + nums[l] + nums[r] 
                
                if threeSum > 0: 
                    r -= 1 
                elif threeSum < 0: 
                    l += 1 
                else: 
                    result.append([a, nums[l], nums[r]])
                    #only need to shift left pointer as right pointer will be moved by code above 
                    l += 1 
                    while nums[l] == nums[l - 1] and l < r: 
                        l += 1 
            
        return result 
      
      
#two sum solutions below for reference 
      
def twoSum(numbers, target): 
  left = 0 
  right = len(numbers) - 1 
  compare = 0 

  for i in range(0, len(numbers)): 
    compare = numbers[left] + numbers[right] 
    if compare > target: 
      right -= 1 
      elif compare < target: 
        left += 1 
        elif compare == target: 
          return [left + 1, right + 1] 

        
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
  num_dictionary = {}
  for i in range(0, len(nums)):
    number = nums[i]
    if target - number not in num_dictionary: 
      #number will be key and index (i) will be value 
      #adding number to dictionary AFTER checking 1st value 
      #if [2, 1, 3] and target = 4, 4 -2 = 2 and 2 will be present in dictionary but we cannot use 2 + 2 
      num_dictionary[number] = i 
      elif target - number in num_dictionary: 
        return [i, num_dictionary[target - number]]

fruit = "banana"
for char in fruit:
    print(char)

#output
b
a
n
a
n
a

fruit = 'banana'
index = 0
while index < len(fruit):
    letter = fruit[index]
    print(letter)
    index = index + 1

#output
b
a
n
a
n
a

user = input("Hi, Im Aidan, what is your name?\n")
 
print(f" Well {user}, nice to meet you, your names kinda weird though.")
print(f" Nevertheless Im here to quiz you! To start, what is 7-4?")
 
 
larisha=input()
 
if(larisha =="3"):
    print("Thats right... Shawty.")
 
if(larisha !="3"):
    print("Seriously? How can you get it wrong, just count your fingers and try again.")
 
 
print("Moving on, What is 8x4?")
 
shawn=input()
 
if(shawn=="32"):
    print("Correct!")
 
if(shawn!="32"):
    print("Try again!")
 
print("Ok another question question what is the meaning of life?")
 
kelp=input()
 
if(kelp=="42"):
    print("Your  asf.")
    
elif(kelp=="idk"):
    print("Then live your life in confusion.")
 
elif(kelp=="ethics"):
    print("bummer")

elif(kelp=="ass"):
    print("Bet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ&ab just copy and paste it.")
elif(kelp!="42"):
    print("Im sure your answer was amazing but no.")
    
print("Lets test your ethics.\n")
print("")

bobby=input
    

[
  2,
  3
]

count = 0 #Set the variable count to zero before the loop starts
for i in [3, 41, 12, 9, 74, 15]: # Our iteration variable, itervar, controls the loop and cause the loop body to be executed once for each values in list.
    count = count + 1  #In the body of the loop, we add 1 to the current value of count
print('Count: ', count)
# Once the loop completes, the value of count is the total number of items

# Comment on a single line

user = "JDoe" # Comment after code

import re

regex = re.compile(r'([A-Za-z0-9]+[.-_])*[A-Za-z0-9]+@[A-Za-z0-9-]+(\.[A-Z|a-z]{2,})+')

def isValid(email):
    if re.fullmatch(regex, email):
      print("Valid email")
    else:
      print("Invalid email")

def check_if_vowel(word):
    count_v = 0
    for letter in word.lower():
            if letter == "a" or letter == "i" or letter == "o" or letter == "u":
                count_v =+1
            return count_v
        
ans = input("Word of choise:")

print(f"It has {check_if_vowel(ans)} vowels")

class Solution:
    def longestConsecutive(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        numlist = set(nums) 
        #you need set or else it's too slow 
        longest = 0 
        
        #the concept is you are checking to see if there is a left neighbor. If not, then there is a new sequence of conseuctive numbers. 
        
        for n in nums: 
            if (n - 1) not in numlist: 
                length = 0 
                while (n + length) in numlist: 
                    length += 1 
                longest = max(length, longest)
        return longest 

class Solution:
    def productExceptSelf(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
        #if there were no time complexity restriction, you can use nested for loops and just continue if index of first for loop == index of second for loop 
        #if there were no divsion restriction, you can just find prod(nums) len(nums) times and divide by num[i] and append to result 
        
        res = [1] * len(nums) 
        
        prefix = 1 
        
        for i in range(len(nums)): 
            res[i] = prefix 
            prefix *= nums[i] 
        postfix = 1 
        for i in range(len(nums) - 1, -1, -1): 
            res[i] *= postfix 
            postfix *= nums[i] 
        return res 
        
        
        
            
#must be in O(N) time, O(1) space, and not use divide operator             
            

class Solution:
    def groupAnagrams(self, strs: List[str]) -> List[List[str]]:
        def Remove(lst): #to remove repeats at end 
            return ([list(i) for i in {*[tuple(sorted(i)) for i in lst]}]) 
    
    
        result = []
        for i in range(0, len(strs)): 
            anagram_subset = [strs[i]]
            sorted_string = sorted(strs[i]) 
            for d in range(0, len(strs)):
            #to avoid repeat 
            #maybe change to start, end pointers to avoid making duplicate in first place? 
                if d == i: 
                    continue 
                if sorted(strs[d]) == sorted_string: 
                    anagram_subset.append(strs[d])
            anagram_subset.sort()
            result.append(anagram_subset)
            anagram_subset = [] 
        return Remove(result) 

#Big O is n * n * n log N lol 

#more efficient solution 

	def groupAnagrams(self, strs: List[str]) -> List[List[str]]:
          res = defaultdict(list) #map charCount to list of anagrams 

          for s in strs: 
            count = [0] * 26 # a ... z 

            for c in s: 
              count[ord(c) - ord("a")] += 1 #mapping to ASCII and then adding 1 so that a = 1, b = 2, etc. 

              res[tupule(count)].append(s) 

          return res.values()

        #big O(m * n * 26) which is just (m * n)

from dash.dash_table.Format import Format, Group, Scheme, Symbol

columns=[{            
    'id': 'euros',
    'name': 'euros',
    'type': 'numeric',
    'format': Format(
        scheme=Scheme.fixed, 
        precision=2,
        group=Group.yes,
        groups=3,
        group_delimiter=', ',
        decimal_delimiter='.',
        symbol=Symbol.yes, 
        symbol_prefix=u'€')
}]

import asyncio

import httpx


async def main():
	async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
		resp = await client.get("https://python.org")
        http_text = await resp.text()
		print(http_text)


loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

 whereis python

# Raise warning if duplicate is detected
df_combined = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1) \
								.set_flags(allow_duplicate_labels=False)

# Check if duplicates exist then remove
df_combined = df.loc[:. ~df_combined.columns.duplicated()].copy()

df['Categorical_Column'] = df['Categorical_Column'].astype('category')

df_merged = df1.merge(df2, on=['colName'], suffixes=('_mens', '_womens'))

df['Percent_Change'] = df['Revenue'].pct_change()
df['Sales_Difference'] = df['Units'].diff()

valA = "abc"
valB = 50

df.query('colA == @valA and colB < @valB')

# librerias necesarias
import glob
import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#Leer y mostrar una sola imagen
file = 'D:\BinaryStudy\demo\Images\image001.tif'
image = cv2.imread(file)
cv2.imshow('display', image)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destrouAllWindows() 
#Leer todas la imagenes
file = 'D:\BinaryStudy\demo\Images\*.tif' 
glob.glob(file)
# Using List Comprehension to read all images
images = [cv2.imread(image) for image in glob.glob(file)]
#mostrar las imagenes
# Define a figure of size (8, 8)
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
# Define row and cols in the figure
rows, cols = 2, 2
# Display first four images
for j in range(0, cols*rows):
  fig.add_subplot(rows, cols, j+1)
  plt.imshow(images[j])
plt.show()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (20,3)

top_employer_by_country = {}

countries = f500['country'].unique()

for c in countries:
    
    # select only the rows that have a country name equal to current iteration
    selected_rows = f500[f500['country'] == c]
    
    # sort the rows by employees column in descending order
    sorted_rows = selected_rows.sort_values('employees', ascending=False)
    
    # select the first row from the sorted dataframe
    top_employer = sorted_rows.iloc[0]
    
    # extract the company name from the index label company from the first row
    employer_name = top_employer['company']
    
    # assign the results to dictionary using country name as the key and company name as the        value
    top_employer_by_country[c] = employer_name
    
    

import random
print("Hello & welcome to Aidan's Tote shack!")
print("We have Totes of all colors!")
print("Out colors consist of, Red, Blue, Orange, Pink, Cyan, Maroon, Purple and Yellow!")
print("Please type the color you want, you can only choose one!")
 
larisha=input()
 
int = shawn=random.randint(19, 20)
    
 
if(larisha =="red"):
    print("A child... I see, one red tote coming up!")
 
elif(larisha=="pink"):
    print("Ah, either a little girl or a little girl, either way you're paying for it so no problem!")
 
elif(larisha=="blue"):
    print("a man of culture I see, I forsee phat stacks of cash in my wallet.")
 
elif(larisha=="orange"):
    print("Knock knock? Orange you glad we have this color? One orange tote coming up!")
 
elif(larisha=="yellow"):
    print("Wow, a functioning human that accually likes the color yellow. How surprising. One not yellow tote coming up!")
 
elif(larisha=="maroon"):
    print("OoOoOoOo... a dark brooding bad boy, How scary. One pink Maroon Five tote coming up!")
 
elif(larisha=="cyan"):
    print("another child ewwwwwwwwwwww, one abnormally large tote coming up!")
 
elif(larisha=="purple"):
     print("Hmmm it seems we are out of purple ink, you can get a blue tote instead.")
elif(shawn==20):
    print("Sorry we don't offer that color!")
elif(shawn==19):
    print("Bruh was that color on the list? Try again, next time READ!")

import bse64.b64encode
encoded = b'client_key:client_secret'
token = 'Basic ' + encoded

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod


class Creator(ABC):
    """
    The Creator class declares the factory method that is supposed to return an
    object of a Product class. The Creator's subclasses usually provide the
    implementation of this method.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def factory_method(self):
        """
        Note that the Creator may also provide some default implementation of
        the factory method.
        """
        pass

    def some_operation(self) -> str:
        """
        Also note that, despite its name, the Creator's primary responsibility
        is not creating products. Usually, it contains some core business logic
        that relies on Product objects, returned by the factory method.
        Subclasses can indirectly change that business logic by overriding the
        factory method and returning a different type of product from it.
        """

        # Call the factory method to create a Product object.
        product = self.factory_method()

        # Now, use the product.
        result = f"Creator: The same creator's code has just worked with {product.operation()}"

        return result


"""
Concrete Creators override the factory method in order to change the resulting
product's type.
"""


class ConcreteCreator1(Creator):
    """
    Note that the signature of the method still uses the abstract product type,
    even though the concrete product is actually returned from the method. This
    way the Creator can stay independent of concrete product classes.
    """

    def factory_method(self) -> Product:
        return ConcreteProduct1()


class ConcreteCreator2(Creator):
    def factory_method(self) -> Product:
        return ConcreteProduct2()


class Product(ABC):
    """
    The Product interface declares the operations that all concrete products
    must implement.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def operation(self) -> str:
        pass


"""
Concrete Products provide various implementations of the Product interface.
"""


class ConcreteProduct1(Product):
    def operation(self) -> str:
        return "{Result of the ConcreteProduct1}"


class ConcreteProduct2(Product):
    def operation(self) -> str:
        return "{Result of the ConcreteProduct2}"


def client_code(creator: Creator) -> None:
    """
    The client code works with an instance of a concrete creator, albeit through
    its base interface. As long as the client keeps working with the creator via
    the base interface, you can pass it any creator's subclass.
    """

    print(f"Client: I'm not aware of the creator's class, but it still works.\n"
          f"{creator.some_operation()}", end="")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator1.")
    client_code(ConcreteCreator1())
    print("\n")

    print("App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator2.")
    client_code(ConcreteCreator2())

import pandas pd

excel_file = pd.read_excel(‘file.xlsx’, sheet_name=None)
dataset_combined = pd.concat(excel_file.values())

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#..................python program to find the wifi passwords.....!
import subprocess
 
# now we will store the profiles data in "data" variable by 
# running the 1st cmd command using subprocess.check_output
data = subprocess.check_output(['netsh', 'wlan', 'show', 'profiles']).decode('utf-8').split('\n')
# now we will store the profile by converting them to list
profiles = [i.split(":")[1][1:-1] for i in data if "All User Profile" in i]
 
# using for loop in python we are checking and printing the wifi 
# passwords if they are available using the 2nd cmd command
for i in profiles:
    # running the 2nd cmd command to check passwords
    results = subprocess.check_output(['netsh', 'wlan', 'show', 'profile', i, 
                        'key=clear']).decode('utf-8').split('\n')
    # storing passwords after converting them to list
    results = [b.split(":")[1][1:-1] for b in results if "Key Content" in b]
    # printing the profiles(wifi name) with their passwords using 
    # try and except method 
    try:
        print ("{:<30}|  {:<}".format(i, results[0]))
    except IndexError:
        print ("{:<30}|  {:<}".format(i, ""))

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
   <head>
      <meta charset="UTF-8" />
      <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
      <title>PyScript</title>

      <!-- styles and script dependencies -->
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pyscript.net/alpha/pyscript.css" />
      <script defer src="https://pyscript.net/alpha/pyscript.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
      <!-- title -->
      <h3>Testing python code in HTML</h3>

      <!-- python code -->
      <py-script> print('Now you can!') </py-script>
     
   </body>
</html>

#pip install beautifulsoup4

import os
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = "https://www.google.com/"
reponse = requests.get(url)

if reponse.ok:
	soup = BeautifulSoup(reponse.text, "lxml")
	title = str(soup.find("title"))

	title = title.replace("<title>", "")
	title = title.replace("</title>", "")
	print("The title is : " + str(title))

os.system("pause")

#python (code name).py

import imghdr
import os
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for, abort, \
    send_from_directory
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 2 * 1024 * 1024
app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] = ['.jpg', '.png', '.gif']
app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'] = 'uploads'

def validate_image(stream):
    header = stream.read(512)
    stream.seek(0)
    format = imghdr.what(None, header)
    if not format:
        return None
    return '.' + (format if format != 'jpeg' else 'jpg')

@app.errorhandler(413)
def too_large(e):
    return "File is too large", 413

@app.route('/')
def index():
    files = os.listdir(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'])
    return render_template('index.html', files=files)

@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def upload_files():
    uploaded_file = request.files['file']
    filename = secure_filename(uploaded_file.filename)
    if filename != '':
        file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        if file_ext not in app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] or \
                file_ext != validate_image(uploaded_file.stream):
            return "Invalid image", 400
        uploaded_file.save(os.path.join(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename))
    return '', 204

@app.route('/uploads/<filename>')
def upload(filename):
    return send_from_directory(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename)

        if file_ext not in app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] or \
                file_ext != validate_image(uploaded_file.stream):
            return "Invalid image", 400

@app.errorhandler(413)
def too_large(e):
    return "File is too large", 413

@app.route('/uploads/<filename>')
@login_required
def upload(filename):
    return send_from_directory(os.path.join(
        app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], current_user.get_id()), filename)

import imghdr
import os
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for, abort, \
    send_from_directory
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 1024 * 1024
app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] = ['.jpg', '.png', '.gif']
app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'] = 'uploads'

def validate_image(stream):
    header = stream.read(512)  # 512 bytes should be enough for a header check
    stream.seek(0)  # reset stream pointer
    format = imghdr.what(None, header)
    if not format:
        return None
    return '.' + (format if format != 'jpeg' else 'jpg')

@app.route('/')
def index():
    files = os.listdir(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'])
    return render_template('index.html', files=files)

@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def upload_files():
    uploaded_file = request.files['file']
    filename = secure_filename(uploaded_file.filename)
    if filename != '':
        file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        if file_ext not in app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] or \
                file_ext != validate_image(uploaded_file.stream):
            abort(400)
        uploaded_file.save(os.path.join(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename))
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

@app.route('/uploads/<filename>')
def upload(filename):
    return send_from_directory(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename)

import imghdr
import os
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for, abort
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 1024 * 1024
app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] = ['.jpg', '.png', '.gif']
app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'] = 'uploads'

def validate_image(stream):
    header = stream.read(512)
    stream.seek(0) 
    format = imghdr.what(None, header)
    if not format:
        return None
    return '.' + (format if format != 'jpeg' else 'jpg')

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def upload_files():
    uploaded_file = request.files['file']
    filename = secure_filename(uploaded_file.filename)
    if filename != '':
        file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        if file_ext not in app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] or \
                file_ext != validate_image(uploaded_file.stream):
            abort(400)
        uploaded_file.save(os.path.join(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename))
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

import imghdr

def validate_image(stream):
    header = stream.read(512)
    stream.seek(0)
    format = imghdr.what(None, header)
    if not format:
        return None
    return '.' + (format if format != 'jpeg' else 'jpg')

import os
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for, abort
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 1024 * 1024
app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS'] = ['.jpg', '.png', '.gif']
app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'] = 'uploads'

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def upload_files():
    uploaded_file = request.files['file']
    filename = secure_filename(uploaded_file.filename)
    if filename != '':
        file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        if file_ext not in app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS']:
            abort(400)
        uploaded_file.save(os.path.join(app.config['UPLOAD_PATH'], filename))
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

>>> from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
>>> secure_filename('foo.jpg')
'foo.jpg'
>>> secure_filename('/some/path/foo.jpg')
'some_path_foo.jpg'
>>> secure_filename('../../../.bashrc')
'bashrc'

uploaded_file.save(os.path.join('static/avatars', current_user.get_id()))

    filename = uploaded_file.filename
    if filename != '':
        file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        if file_ext not in current_app.config['UPLOAD_EXTENSIONS']:
            abort(400)

from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def upload_file():
    uploaded_file = request.files['file']
    if uploaded_file.filename != '':
        uploaded_file.save(uploaded_file.filename)
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>File Upload</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>File Upload</h1>
    <form method="POST" action="" enctype="multipart/form-data">
      <p><input type="file" name="file"></p>
      <p><input type="submit" value="Submit"></p>
    </form>
  </body>
</html>

import win32gui
import win32.lib.win32con as win32con
memo_app = win32gui.FindWindow(None,'タイトルなし - メモ帳')    #「タイトルなし - メモ帳」という名前のウィンドウハンドルを取得
win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(memo_app)                         #ウィンドウを最前面に移動してアクティブ化
win32gui.ShowWindow(memo_app, win32con.SW_MAXIMIZE)            #ウィンドウを最大化

(pd.DataFrame([{"email":[114, 111, 98, 46, 106, 46, 114, 97, 121, 109, 111, 110, 
                        100, 64, 103, 109, 97, 105, 108, 46, 99, 111, 109]}])
 .assign(email=lambda d: d.email.apply(lambda l: "".join([chr(c) for c in l])))
)

import requests
import pandas as pd
import io
from pathlib import Path


# setup some data so code works
f = Path.cwd().joinpath("eurusd_m1_03.03.2022.csv")
pd.read_csv(
    io.StringIO(
        requests.get(
            "https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/currency/eurusd/downloaddatapartial?startdate=08/03/2022%2000:00:00&enddate=09/02/2022%2023:59:59&daterange=d30&frequency=p1d&csvdownload=true&downloadpartial=false&newdates=false"
        ).text
    )
).pipe(
    lambda d: d.rename(columns={c: c.lower() for c in d.columns}).rename(
        columns={"date": "time"}
    )
).to_csv(
    f
)


from time import time
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import pandas as pd

def PrintChartData():
    data = pd.read_csv("eurusd_m1_03.03.2022.csv")
    return data


def PrintDataChart():
    data = pd.read_csv("eurusd_m1_03.03.2022.csv")
    chart_data = go.Candlestick(
        x=data["time"],
        open=data["open"],
        high=data["high"],
        low=data["low"],
        close=data["close"],
    )
    fig = go.Figure(data=[chart_data])
    print(fig.show())


PrintDataChart()

fileinput = str(input("Which file do you want?"))
if not ".csv" in fileinput:
  fileinput += ".csv"

fileinput = str(input("Which file do you want?"))
if not ".csv" in fileinput:
  fileinput += ".csv"
  import pandas as pd 
data = pd.read_csv(fileinput)
rowcol = input("Column or row?")
if rowcol == "column":
  column = int(input("Which column?"))
  result = data.iloc([column])
elif rowcol == "row":
  row = int(input("Which row?"))
  result = data.iloc[[row]]
else:
  print("Invalid response.")

print(result)

import pandas as pd # pip install pandas

#read the CSV file
data_file = =pd.read_csv('some_file.csv')
print(data_file)

import csv

with open('example.csv') as csvfile:
    readCSV = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=',')

import os

MENU = {
    "espresso": {
        "ingredients": {
            "water": 50,
            "coffee": 18,
        },
        "cost": 1.5,
    },
    "latte": {
        "ingredients": {
            "water": 200,
            "milk": 150,
            "coffee": 24,
        },
        "cost": 2.5,
    },
    "cappuccino": {
        "ingredients": {
            "water": 250,
            "milk": 100,
            "coffee": 24,
        },
        "cost": 3.0,
    }
}

resources = {
    "water": 300,
    "milk": 200,
    "coffee": 100,
    "money": 0
}

current_resources = resources

# TODO: 1 Print report


def report(item):

    print("*"*20)
    print(f"* Water : {item['water']}ml")
    if "milk" in item:
        print(f"* Milk : {item['milk']}ml")
    print(f"* Coffee : {item['coffee']}g")
    if "money" in item:
        print(f"* Money : ${item['money']:.2f}")
    print("*"*20)


# TODO: 3 Resources check


def sufficient_resources(item):

    water = False
    milk = False
    coffee = False
    if resources["water"] >= item["ingredients"]["water"]:
        water = True
    else:
        print("Sorry, there's not enough water")

    if resources["coffee"] >= item["ingredients"]["coffee"]:
        coffee = True
    else:
        print("Sorry, there's not enough coffee")
    if "milk" in item["ingredients"]:
        if resources["milk"] >= item["ingredients"]["milk"]:
            milk = True
        else:
            print("Sorry, there's not enough milk")
    else:
        milk = True

    return water and milk and coffee


# TODO: 4 Process payment
def process_coins(item):
    cost = item["cost"]
    amount = cost
    result = False

    print(f"Please insert coins to the value of ${cost:.2f}.")
    quarters = int(input("  How many quarters?: "))
    amount -= (quarters * 0.25)
    if amount > 0:
        dimes = int(input("  How many dimes?: "))
        amount -= (dimes * 0.1)
        if amount > 0:
            nickels = int(input("  How many nickels?: "))
            amount -= (nickels * 0.05)
            if amount > 0:
                pennies = int(input("  How many pennies?: "))
                amount -= (pennies * 0.1)
    if amount > 0:
        print(f"Sorry, that's not enough money. Your ${amount:.2f} has been refunded.")
        return False
    elif amount < 0:
        print(f"Here is ${abs(amount):.2f} in change.")
        return True
    else:
        return True


def update_resources(item):

    water = resources["water"] - item["ingredients"]["water"]
    coffee = resources["coffee"] - item["ingredients"]["coffee"]
    if "milk" in item["ingredients"]:
        milk = resources["milk"] - item["ingredients"]["milk"]
    else:
        milk = resources["milk"]
    money = resources["money"] + item["cost"]
    updated_resources = {
        "water": water,
        "milk": milk,
        "coffee": coffee,
        "money": money,
    }
    return updated_resources


clear = lambda: os.system("cls")


# Main program flow ===========================================================


machine_on = True
choices = ["report", "off", "espresso", "latte", "cappuccino"]
drink = ""

# TODO: 2 User prompt

while machine_on:
    # clear()
    prompt = ""
    while prompt not in choices:
        prompt = input("  What would you like? (espresso/latte/cappuccino): ").lower()
        if prompt == "off":
            machine_on = False
        elif prompt == "report":
            report(resources)
        elif prompt in choices:
            drink = MENU[prompt]

    if type(drink) != str and prompt != "report":
        if not sufficient_resources(drink):
            pass
        else:
            if process_coins(drink):
                resources = update_resources(drink)
                # print(resources)
                print(f"Here is your {prompt}. Enjoy!☕")

from dataclasses import dataclass
 
@dataclass
class Book_list:
	name: str
	perunit_cost: float
	quantity_available: int = 0
		
	# function to calculate total cost	
	def total_cost(self) -> float:
		return self.perunit_cost * self.quantity_available
	
book = Book_list("Introduction to programming.", 300, 3)
x = book.total_cost()
 
# print the total cost
# of the book
print(x)
 
# print book details
print(book)
 
# 900
Book_list(name='Python programming.',
		perunit_cost=200,
		quantity_available=3)

MIT License

Copyright (c) [year] [fullname]

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

def print_data_chart():
    data = pd.read_csv("USDCAD.csv")
    chart_data = go.Candlestick(x=data['time'], open=data['open'], high=data['high'], low=data['low'], close=data['coose'])

df['year'] = df['date'].dt.year if we put dt.month is for month etc..
df.head()

def find_boundaries(df, variable, distance=1.5):

    IQR = df[variable].quantile(0.75) - df[variable].quantile(0.25)

    lower_boundary = df[variable].quantile(0.25) - (IQR * distance)
    upper_boundary = df[variable].quantile(0.75) + (IQR * distance)

    return upper_boundary, lower_boundary

data.nunique().plot.bar(figsize=(12,6))
plt.ylabel('Number of unique categories')
plt.xlabel('Variables')
plt.title('Cardinality')

## Version with 5% threshold

fig = label_freq.sort_values(ascending=False).plot.bar()
fig.axhline(y=0.05, color='red')
fig.set_ylabel('percentage of cars within each category')
fig.set_xlabel('Variable: class')
fig.set_title('Identifying Rare Categories')
plt.show()

data.isnull().mean().plot.bar(figsize=(12,6))
plt.ylabel('Percentage of missing values')
plt.xlabel('Variables')
plt.title('Quantifying missing data')

# Get the Numerical Data list to infer distribution plots

numerical = [var for var in df.columns if df[var].dtype!='O'] 
print('There are {} numerical variables\n'.format(len(numerical))) 
print('The numerical variables are :', numerical)

# Get the Categorical Data list to infer distribution plots

categorical = [var for var in df.columns if df[var].dtype =='O'] 
print('There are {} Categorical variables\n'.format(len(categorical))) 
print('The Categorical variables are :', categorical)

#Add the new column which gives a unique number to each of these labels 

df['label_num'] = df['label'].map({
    'Household' : 0, 
    'Books': 1, 
    'Electronics': 2, 
    'Clothing & Accessories': 3
})

#checking the results 
df.head(5)

### utlity function for pre-processing the text
import spacy

# load english language model and create nlp object from it
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm") 

def preprocess(text):
    # remove stop words and lemmatize the text
    doc = nlp(text)
    filtered_tokens = []
    for token in doc:
        if token.is_stop or token.is_punct:
            continue
        filtered_tokens.append(token.lemma_)
    
    return " ".join(filtered_tokens) 

df['preprocessed_txt'] = df['Text'].apply(preprocess)

import pandas as pd

read_file = pd.read_excel (r'Path where the Excel file is stored\File name.xlsx')
read_file.to_csv (r'Path to store the CSV file\File name.csv', index = None, header=True)

import feedparser
d = feedparser.parse('https://news.yahoo.co.jp/pickup/rss.xml')
d['feed']['title']

# ライブラリの読み込み
import tweepy

#＊＊＊＊には自身のコードを入力してください
CONSUMER_KEY = '＊＊＊＊'
CONSUMER_SECRET = '＊＊＊＊'
ACCESS_TOKEN = '＊＊＊＊'
ACCESS_SECRET = '＊＊＊＊'

#twitter認証
auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(CONSUMER_KEY, CONSUMER_SECRET)
auth.set_access_token(ACCESS_TOKEN, ACCESS_SECRET)
api = tweepy.API(auth)

# アカウント指定(Twitterアカウントの@以降の英数字)
Account = '＊＊＊＊'

# アカウントの内部IDを取得する
inner_id = api.user_timeline(Account, count=1, page=0)[0].user.id

api.send_direct_message(recipient_id=inner_id,text='Hello world!')

"""
This is an example of Google style.

Args:
    param1: This is the first param.
    param2: This is a second param.

Returns:
    This is a description of what is returned.

Raises:
    KeyError: Raises an exception.
"""

\033[nA

data = [
    {
        'name': 'Instagram',
        'follower_count': 346,
        'description': 'Social media platform',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Cristiano Ronaldo',
        'follower_count': 215,
        'description': 'Footballer',
        'country': 'Portugal'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Ariana Grande',
        'follower_count': 183,
        'description': 'Musician and actress',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Dwayne Johnson',
        'follower_count': 181,
        'description': 'Actor and professional wrestler',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Selena Gomez',
        'follower_count': 174,
        'description': 'Musician and actress',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Kylie Jenner',
        'follower_count': 172,
        'description': 'Reality TV personality and businesswoman and Self-Made Billionaire',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Kim Kardashian',
        'follower_count': 167,
        'description': 'Reality TV personality and businesswoman',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Lionel Messi',
        'follower_count': 149,
        'description': 'Footballer',
        'country': 'Argentina'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Beyoncé',
        'follower_count': 145,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Neymar',
        'follower_count': 138,
        'description': 'Footballer',
        'country': 'Brasil'
    },
    {
        'name': 'National Geographic',
        'follower_count': 135,
        'description': 'Magazine',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Justin Bieber',
        'follower_count': 133,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Canada'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Taylor Swift',
        'follower_count': 131,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Kendall Jenner',
        'follower_count': 127,
        'description': 'Reality TV personality and Model',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Jennifer Lopez',
        'follower_count': 119,
        'description': 'Musician and actress',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Nicki Minaj',
        'follower_count': 113,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Trinidad and Tobago'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Nike',
        'follower_count': 109,
        'description': 'Sportswear multinational',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Khloé Kardashian',
        'follower_count': 108,
        'description': 'Reality TV personality and businesswoman',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Miley Cyrus',
        'follower_count': 107,
        'description': 'Musician and actress',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Katy Perry',
        'follower_count': 94,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Kourtney Kardashian',
        'follower_count': 90,
        'description': 'Reality TV personality',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Kevin Hart',
        'follower_count': 89,
        'description': 'Comedian and actor',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Ellen DeGeneres',
        'follower_count': 87,
        'description': 'Comedian',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Real Madrid CF',
        'follower_count': 86,
        'description': 'Football club',
        'country': 'Spain'
    },
    {
        'name': 'FC Barcelona',
        'follower_count': 85,
        'description': 'Football club',
        'country': 'Spain'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Rihanna',
        'follower_count': 81,
        'description': 'Musician and businesswoman',
        'country': 'Barbados'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Demi Lovato',
        'follower_count': 80,
        'description': 'Musician and actress',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': "Victoria's Secret",
        'follower_count': 69,
        'description': 'Lingerie brand',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Zendaya',
        'follower_count': 68,
        'description': 'Actress and musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Shakira',
        'follower_count': 66,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Colombia'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Drake',
        'follower_count': 65,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Canada'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Chris Brown',
        'follower_count': 64,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'LeBron James',
        'follower_count': 63,
        'description': 'Basketball player',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Vin Diesel',
        'follower_count': 62,
        'description': 'Actor',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Cardi B',
        'follower_count': 67,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'David Beckham',
        'follower_count': 82,
        'description': 'Footballer',
        'country': 'United Kingdom'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Billie Eilish',
        'follower_count': 61,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Justin Timberlake',
        'follower_count': 59,
        'description': 'Musician and actor',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'UEFA Champions League',
        'follower_count': 58,
        'description': 'Club football competition',
        'country': 'Europe'
    },
    {
        'name': 'NASA',
        'follower_count': 56,
        'description': 'Space agency',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Emma Watson',
        'follower_count': 56,
        'description': 'Actress',
        'country': 'United Kingdom'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Shawn Mendes',
        'follower_count': 57,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Canada'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Virat Kohli',
        'follower_count': 55,
        'description': 'Cricketer',
        'country': 'India'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Gigi Hadid',
        'follower_count': 54,
        'description': 'Model',
        'country': 'United States'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Priyanka Chopra Jonas',
        'follower_count': 53,
        'description': 'Actress and musician',
        'country': 'India'
    },
    {
        'name': '9GAG',
        'follower_count': 52,
        'description': 'Social media platform',
        'country': 'China'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Ronaldinho',
        'follower_count': 51,
        'description': 'Footballer',
        'country': 'Brasil'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Maluma',
        'follower_count': 50,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Colombia'
    },
    {
        'name': 'Camila Cabello',
        'follower_count': 49,
        'description': 'Musician',
        'country': 'Cuba'
    },
    {
        'name': 'NBA',
        'follower_count': 47,
        'description': 'Club Basketball Competition',
        'country': 'United States'
    }
]

logo = """
    __  ___       __             
   / / / (_)___ _/ /_  ___  _____
  / /_/ / / __ `/ __ \/ _ \/ ___/
 / __  / / /_/ / / / /  __/ /    
/_/ ///_/\__, /_/ /_/\___/_/     
   / /  /____/_      _____  _____
  / /   / __ \ | /| / / _ \/ ___/
 / /___/ /_/ / |/ |/ /  __/ /    
/_____/\____/|__/|__/\___/_/     
"""

vs = """
 _    __    
| |  / /____
| | / / ___/
| |/ (__  ) 
|___/____(_)
"""

# Import art & game data
from art import logo, vs
from game_data import data
import random
# from replit import clear
import os    # use system clear to clear screen


# Linux version
clear = lambda: os.system('clear')
# Windows version
# clear = lambda: os.system('cls')


def new_high_low():
    """
    Generate unique new item(s) to compare
    """
    
    compare["A"] = compare["C"]
    compare["B"] = random.choice(data)
    # Ensure the values are NOT the same!
    while compare["B"] == compare["A"]:
        compare["B"] = random.choice(data)

        
def display_compare():
    """
    Function to display comparisons, collect and return choice
    """
    
    clear()
    print(logo)
    vowels = ["a","e","i","o","u"]
    new_high_low()
    if score:
        print(f"You're right! Current score: {score}.")
    print(f"Compare A: {compare['A']['name']}, a{'n' if compare['A']['description'][0].lower() in vowels else ''} {compare['A']['description']}, {compare['A']['country']}")
    print(vs)
    print(f"Against B: {compare['B']['name']}, a{'n' if compare['B']['description'][0].lower() in vowels else ''} {compare['B']['description']}, {compare['B']['country']}")
    choice = input("\nWho has more followers? Type 'A' or 'B': ").upper()
    if choice == "A":
        return "A","B"
    return "B","A"


def higher_lower(answer):
    """
    Return True/False whether answer correct and, if True, capture answer
    """
    if compare[answer[0]]["follower_count"] > compare[answer[1]]["follower_count"]:
        compare["C"] = compare[answer[0]]
        return True
    return False

    
#Initialise Dictionary to hold values for comparison
compare = {}
compare["C"] = random.choice(data)

# Start game here...

play_again = True
while play_again:
    score = 0
    end_game = False
    
    while not end_game:
        if higher_lower(display_compare()):
            score += 1
        else:
            end_game = True
            clear()
            print(logo)
            if input(f"Sorry, that's wrong. Final score: {score}.\nGame over. Play again? Type 'y' or 'n': ").lower() == 'n':
                play_again = False
            

import random
# from art import logo

logo = """
.------.            _     _            _    _            _    
|A_  _ |.          | |   | |          | |  (_)          | |   
|( \/ ).-----.     | |__ | | __ _  ___| | ___  __ _  ___| | __
| \  /|K /\  |     | '_ \| |/ _` |/ __| |/ / |/ _` |/ __| |/ /
|  \/ | /  \ |     | |_) | | (_| | (__|   <| | (_| | (__|   < 
`-----| \  / |     |_.__/|_|\__,_|\___|_|\_\ |\__,_|\___|_|\_\\
      |  \/ K|                            _/ |                
      `------'                           |__/           
"""


deck = [11,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,10,10]

def sum(numbers):
    total = 0
    for num in numbers:
        total += num
    return total

def reset_hands():

    global player_hand
    global computer_hand

    player_hand = {"cards" : []}
    computer_hand = {"cards" : []}

    while len(player_hand["cards"]) < 2:
        add_card(player_hand)

    while len(computer_hand["cards"]) < 2:
        add_card(computer_hand)

    display_hands()


def display_hands():
    print(f"\n  Your cards: {player_hand['cards']}, current score: {player_hand['score']}")
    print(f"  Computer's first card: {computer_hand['cards'][0]}\n")



def add_card(player):
    player["cards"].append(random.choice(deck))
    player["score"] = sum(player["cards"])
    if player["score"] > 21 and 11 in player["cards"]:
        # print(f"***Ace found!... {player['cards']}")
        ace = player["cards"].index(11)
        player["cards"][ace] = 1
        player["score"] = sum(player["cards"])
        # print(f"***Ace replaced!... {player['cards']}")



def show_final_hands():
    p_score = player_hand["score"]
    c_score = computer_hand["score"]

    while c_score < 17 and p_score < 21:
        add_card(computer_hand)
        c_score = computer_hand["score"]

    if p_score == c_score:
        result = "Draw"
    elif p_score > 21:
        result = "You went over. You lose!"
    elif c_score > 21:
        result = "Opponent went over. You win! :)"
    elif p_score == 21:
        if len(player_hand["cards"]) == 2:
            result = "Blackjack... You win!"
        else:
            result = "21... You win!"
    elif c_score == 21:
        if len(computer_hand["cards"]) == 2:
            result = "Blackjack... You win!"
        else:
            result = "21... You win!"
        result = "21... You lose!"
    elif p_score > c_score:
        result = "You win!"
    else:
        result = "You lose!"

    print(f"\nYour final hand: {player_hand['cards']}, final score: {player_hand['score']}")
    print(f"Computer's final hand: {computer_hand['cards']}, final score: {computer_hand['score']}")
    print(f"{result}\n")
    print("\n\t*********************\n")

end_game = False
end_round = False
first_game = True

while not end_game:

    play_again = input(f"\nDo you want to play a{'' if first_game else 'nother'} game of Blackjack? Type 'y' or 'n': ").lower()
    first_game = False
    

    if play_again == "n":
        print("Goodbye")
        end_game = True
    elif play_again == "y":
        print(logo)
        reset_hands()
        hit = input("Type 'y' to get another card, type 'n' to pass: ").lower()

        if hit == "n":
            end_round = True
            show_final_hands()
        elif hit == "y":
            end_round = False
            while not end_round:
                add_card(player_hand)
                display_hands()
                if player_hand["score"] >= 21:
                    end_round = True
                    show_final_hands()
                elif player_hand["score"] < 21:
                    hit = input("Type 'y' to get another card, type 'n' to pass: ").lower()
                    if hit == "n":
                        end_round = True
                        show_final_hands()
        else:
            end_game = True
            print("Sorry, invalid response...\nGame over.")
    else:
        end_game = True
        print("Sorry, invalid response...\nGame over.")

import random
#from art import logo

logo = """
   _____                       _   _            _   _                 _                  
  / ____|                     | | | |          | \ | |               | |                 
 | |  __ _   _  ___  ___ ___  | |_| |__   ___  |  \| |_   _ _ __ ___ | |__   ___ _ __    
 | | |_ | | | |/ _ \/ __/ __| | __| '_ \ / _ \ | . ` | | | | '_ ` _ \| '_ \ / _ \ '__|   
 | |__| | |_| |  __/\__ \__ \ | |_| | | |  __/ | |\  | |_| | | | | | | |_) |  __/ |_ _ _ 
  \_____|\__,_|\___||___/___/  \__|_| |_|\___| |_| \_|\__,_|_| |_| |_|_.__/ \___|_(_|_|_)
                                                                                         
                                                                                       
"""
end_game = False
while not end_game:
    #print(logo)
    print("Welcome to the Number Guessing Game!")

    print("I'm thnking of a number between 1 and 100.")

    the_number = random.randint(1,100)
    difficulty = ""

    print(f"Hint: \"Shhhh... the number is {the_number}\"\n\n")

    def wrong_guess(num):
        if num:
            print(f"Guess again.\nYou have {num} attempts remaining to guess the number.\n")
        else:
            print(f"You've run out of guesses.\nThe correct number was {the_number}, you lose.")

    choices = ["e","easy","h","hard"]
    chances = 3
    while difficulty not in choices and chances:

        difficulty = input("Choose a difficulty. Type 'easy' or hard': ").lower()
        chances -= 1

    if not chances:
        print("Game Over. No valid difficulty entered.")
    else:
        print(difficulty)

        if difficulty.startswith("h"):
            attempts = 5
        else:
            attempts = 10
        print(f"You have {attempts} attempts remaining to guess the number.")

        guess = 0
        while guess != the_number and attempts:
            guess = int(input("Make a guess: "))
            attempts -= 1
            if guess == the_number:
                print(f"You got it! The answer was {the_number}.")
            else:
                if guess > the_number:
                    print("Too high.")
                else:
                    print("Too low.")
                wrong_guess(attempts)
            
        play_again = input("\nDo you want to play again. Type 'y' or 'n': ")
        if play_again == 'n':
            end_game = True
            print("Goodbye.")

a = [1, 2, 3]
print(f"Unpacked list: {*a,}")
# Unpacked list: (1, 2, 3)

	# If you come from bash you might have to change your $PATH.
# export PATH=$HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH

# Path to your oh-my-zsh installation.
export ZSH="$HOME/.oh-my-zsh"
source ~/.bash_profile

# Set name of the theme to load --- if set to "random", it will
# load a random theme each time oh-my-zsh is loaded, in which case,
# to know which specific one was loaded, run: echo $RANDOM_THEME
# See https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/wiki/Themes
ZSH_THEME="robbyrussell"

# Set list of themes to pick from when loading at random
# Setting this variable when ZSH_THEME=random will cause zsh to load
# a theme from this variable instead of looking in $ZSH/themes/
# If set to an empty array, this variable will have no effect.
# ZSH_THEME_RANDOM_CANDIDATES=( "robbyrussell" "agnoster" )

# Uncomment the following line to use case-sensitive completion.
# CASE_SENSITIVE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to use hyphen-insensitive completion.
# Case-sensitive completion must be off. _ and - will be interchangeable.
# HYPHEN_INSENSITIVE="true"

# Uncomment one of the following lines to change the auto-update behavior
# zstyle ':omz:update' mode disabled  # disable automatic updates
# zstyle ':omz:update' mode auto      # update automatically without asking
# zstyle ':omz:update' mode reminder  # just remind me to update when it's time

# Uncomment the following line to change how often to auto-update (in days).
# zstyle ':omz:update' frequency 13

# Uncomment the following line if pasting URLs and other text is messed up.
# DISABLE_MAGIC_FUNCTIONS="true"

# Uncomment the following line to disable colors in ls.
# DISABLE_LS_COLORS="true"

# Uncomment the following line to disable auto-setting terminal title.
# DISABLE_AUTO_TITLE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to enable command auto-correction.
# ENABLE_CORRECTION="true"

# Uncomment the following line to display red dots whilst waiting for completion.
# You can also set it to another string to have that shown instead of the default red dots.
# e.g. COMPLETION_WAITING_DOTS="%F{yellow}waiting...%f"
# Caution: this setting can cause issues with multiline prompts in zsh < 5.7.1 (see #5765)
# COMPLETION_WAITING_DOTS="true"

# Uncomment the following line if you want to disable marking untracked files
# under VCS as dirty. This makes repository status check for large repositories
# much, much faster.
# DISABLE_UNTRACKED_FILES_DIRTY="true"

# Uncomment the following line if you want to change the command execution time
# stamp shown in the history command output.
# You can set one of the optional three formats:
# "mm/dd/yyyy"|"dd.mm.yyyy"|"yyyy-mm-dd"
# or set a custom format using the strftime function format specifications,
# see 'man strftime' for details.
# HIST_STAMPS="mm/dd/yyyy"

# Would you like to use another custom folder than $ZSH/custom?
# ZSH_CUSTOM=/path/to/new-custom-folder

# Which plugins would you like to load?
# Standard plugins can be found in $ZSH/plugins/
# Custom plugins may be added to $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/
# Example format: plugins=(rails git textmate ruby lighthouse)
# Add wisely, as too many plugins slow down shell startup.
plugins=(git)

source $ZSH/oh-my-zsh.sh

# User configuration

# export MANPATH="/usr/local/man:$MANPATH"

# You may need to manually set your language environment
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

# Preferred editor for local and remote sessions
# if [[ -n $SSH_CONNECTION ]]; then
#   export EDITOR='vim'
# else
#   export EDITOR='mvim'
# fi

# Compilation flags
# export ARCHFLAGS="-arch x86_64"

# Set personal aliases, overriding those provided by oh-my-zsh libs,
# plugins, and themes. Aliases can be placed here, though oh-my-zsh
# users are encouraged to define aliases within the ZSH_CUSTOM folder.
# For a full list of active aliases, run `alias`.
#
# Example aliases
# alias zshconfig="mate ~/.zshrc"
# alias ohmyzsh="mate ~/.oh-my-zsh"

#----------------------------------------------------------
alias dockerpat="docker run --rm -v /Users/huseyinsametcikrikci/Desktop/test/tempstorage/:/home/seluser/tempstorage" 
alias lf="ls -F"
alias vc="code ."
alias cl="clear"
alias py="python3"

alias pipfreeze="pip3 freeze > requirements.txt"
alias pipins="pip install -r requirements.txt"

alias vpn='sudo openfortivpn -c Documents/forticonfig'

alias envlist="conda env list"

alias dockerrun="docker run --rm -v /Users/huseyinsametcikrikci/Desktop/test/tempstorage/:/home/seluser/tempstorage" 
# -- ENVIRONMENT -- -----------------------------
alias active="conda activate"
alias deactiv="deactivate deactivate"
alias openzsh="open ~/.zshrc"
alias sourczsh="source ~/.zshrc" 

alias myenv="conda activate my_project" 

# -- CD FOLDER -- -----------------------------
alias myproje="cd /Users/huseyinsametcikrikci/Desktop/MY_Projects"
alias examp="cd /Users/huseyinsametcikrikci/Desktop/MY_Projects/examp"

alias envscrap="conda activate web-scraping"
alias cd .="cd .." 
alias cd.="cd .."
alias ip="ipython"


alias makc="make clean" 
alias makec="make clean" 
alias mkc="make clean" 

alias m="make"
alias mc="make clean" 
alias ms="make start" 

import math
def slerp_theta(z1, z2, theta): 
	return math.cos(theta) * z1 + math.sin(theta) * z2

import random

rock = '''
    _______
---'   ____)
      (_____)
      (_____)
      (____)
---.__(___)
'''

paper = '''
    _______
---'   ____)____
          ______)
          _______)
         _______)
---.__________)
'''

scissors = '''
    _______
---'   ____)____
          ______)
       __________)
      (____)
---.__(___)
'''


user_choices = ["0","1","2"]
image_list = [rock, paper, scissors]
choice = input("What do you choose? Type 0 for Rock, 1 for Paper, or 2 for Scissors.\n")

if choice not in user_choices:
    print("Invalid input. Game Over.")
else:
    player1 = int(choice)

    print(image_list[player1])

    computer = random.randint(0,2)

    print(f"\nComputer chose:\n\n{image_list[computer]}")

    if player1 == computer:
        message = "It's a draw"
    elif (player1 == 0 and computer == 2) or (player1 == 2 and computer == 1) or (player1 == 1 and computer == 0):
        message = "You win!"
    else:
        message = "You lose!"

    print(f"\n{message}")
        

    

def linearSearch(array, n, x):
    for i in range(0, n):
        if (array[i] == x):
            return i
    return -1

    array = [2, 4, 0, 1, 9]
    x = 1
    n = len(array)
    result = linearSearch(array, n, x)

    if(result == -1):
        print('element not found')
    else:
        print('element found at index: ', result)

customed_style.configure('Custom.TButton', font=('Helvetica', 11), background="red", foreground='white')

customed_style.configure("Custom.Treeview.Heading", background="blue", foreground="white", relief="flat", font=('Helvetica', 10, 'bold'))

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk


class MainWindow:
    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.master.title("Python tkinter ttk Style")
        self.master.wm_iconbitmap('icon.ico')

        self.frame_buttons = ttk.Frame(self.master)
        self.frame_buttons.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=4, pady=4, sticky='nesw')

        self.frame_treeview = ttk.Frame(self.master)
        self.frame_treeview.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=4, pady=4, sticky='nesw')

        self.create_buttons()
        self.create_treeview()

    def create_buttons(self):
        self.details_button_image = tk.PhotoImage(file='details_button.png').subsample(3, 3)
        self.edit_button_image = tk.PhotoImage(file='edit_button.png').subsample(3, 3)
        self.delete_button_image = tk.PhotoImage(file='delete_button.png').subsample(3, 3)

        self.button_details = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Details", image=self.details_button_image, compound="left", style='Custom.TButton')
        self.button_details.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=4, pady=4)

        self.button_edit = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Edit", image=self.edit_button_image, compound="left", style='Custom.TButton')
        self.button_edit.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=4, pady=4)

        self.button_delete = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Delete", image=self.delete_button_image, compound="left", style='Custom.TButton')
        self.button_delete.grid(row=0, column=2, padx=4, pady=4)

    def create_treeview(self):
        self.treeview_person_list = ttk.Treeview(self.frame_treeview, columns=('name', 'email', 'contact', 'address'), height=6)
        self.treeview_person_list.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=4, pady=4)

        self.treeview_person_list.heading('#0', text="ID")
        self.treeview_person_list.column("#0", minwidth=50, width=50, anchor='center')
        self.treeview_person_list.heading('#1', text="Full Name")
        self.treeview_person_list.column("#1", minwidth=150, width=150, anchor='w')
        self.treeview_person_list.heading('#2', text="Email")
        self.treeview_person_list.column("#2", minwidth=150, width=150, anchor='w')
        self.treeview_person_list.heading('#3', text="Phone")
        self.treeview_person_list.column("#3", minwidth=150, width=150, anchor='w')
        self.treeview_person_list.heading('#4', text="Street Address")
        self.treeview_person_list.column("#4", minwidth=150, width=150, anchor='w')

        self.treeview_person_list.insert('', 'end', text='01', values=('Annabel Geffen', 'ageffen0@hc360.com', '+55 138 953 4728', '34346 6th Pass'))
        self.treeview_person_list.insert('', 'end', text='02', values=('Ailey Myring', 'amyring1@lulu.com', '+234 874 785 2200', '72 Cody Street'))
        self.treeview_person_list.insert('', 'end', text='03', values=('Sherie Meeron', 'smeeron2@xing.com', '+86 348 534 4411', '0896 Express Park'))
        self.treeview_person_list.insert('', 'end', text='04', values=('Alice Grayston', 'agrayston3@phpbb.com', '+51 591 958 5938', '540 Beilfuss Circle'))
        self.treeview_person_list.insert('', 'end', text='05', values=('Hasheem Halbard', 'hhalbard4@wikia.com', '+593 493 130 1417', '08291 Shasta Parkway'))


def main():
    root = tk.Tk()

    customed_style = ttk.Style()
    customed_style.configure('Custom.TButton', font=('Helvetica', 11))

    app = MainWindow(root)
    root.mainloop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

#!/usr/bin/env /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys

reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")

print "área"

#Server:

import telebot
import json
import sys
from telebot import types

bot_token = '999999999:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
bot = telebot.TeleBot(bot_token)

chat_id = '123123123'

@bot.callback_query_handler(func=lambda call: True)
def callback_inline(call):
    
    #print(call)

    if call.data == '1':
        bot.send_message(call.message.chat.id, 'Aprobado!')
        #bot.send_message(call.from_user.id, 'Aprobado!')
    else:
        bot.send_message(call.message.chat.id, 'Rechazado!')
        #bot.send_message(call.from_user.id, 'Rechazado!')

    bot.edit_message_reply_markup(call.message.chat.id, call.message.message_id)

bot.polling()



# Client:

import telebot
import json
import sys
from telebot import types

bot_token = '99999999:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
bot = telebot.TeleBot(bot_token)

chat_id = '123123123'

text = "Responda: Desea aprobar el procedimiento XXXX ??? "

markup_command = types.InlineKeyboardMarkup()

btn_p1 = types.InlineKeyboardButton(text='Lo apruebo', callback_data='1')
btn_p2 = types.InlineKeyboardButton(text='No lo apruebo', callback_data='2')
markup_command.add(btn_p1)
markup_command.add(btn_p2)

bot.send_message(chat_id, text, reply_markup=markup_command)

#!/usr/bin/env python

'''Converts sequence of images to compact PDF while removing speckles,
bleedthrough, etc.

'''

# for some reason pylint complains about members being undefined :(
# pylint: disable=E1101

from __future__ import print_function

import sys
import os
import re
import subprocess
import shlex

from argparse import ArgumentParser

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from scipy.cluster.vq import kmeans, vq

######################################################################

def quantize(image, bits_per_channel=None):

    '''Reduces the number of bits per channel in the given image.'''

    if bits_per_channel is None:
        bits_per_channel = 6

    assert image.dtype == np.uint8

    shift = 8-bits_per_channel
    halfbin = (1 << shift) >> 1

    return ((image.astype(int) >> shift) << shift) + halfbin

######################################################################

def pack_rgb(rgb):

    '''Packs a 24-bit RGB triples into a single integer,
works on both arrays and tuples.'''

    orig_shape = None

    if isinstance(rgb, np.ndarray):
        assert rgb.shape[-1] == 3
        orig_shape = rgb.shape[:-1]
    else:
        assert len(rgb) == 3
        rgb = np.array(rgb)

    rgb = rgb.astype(int).reshape((-1, 3))

    packed = (rgb[:, 0] << 16 |
              rgb[:, 1] << 8 |
              rgb[:, 2])

    if orig_shape is None:
        return packed
    else:
        return packed.reshape(orig_shape)

######################################################################

def unpack_rgb(packed):

    '''Unpacks a single integer or array of integers into one or more
24-bit RGB values.

    '''

    orig_shape = None

    if isinstance(packed, np.ndarray):
        assert packed.dtype == int
        orig_shape = packed.shape
        packed = packed.reshape((-1, 1))

    rgb = ((packed >> 16) & 0xff,
           (packed >> 8) & 0xff,
           (packed) & 0xff)

    if orig_shape is None:
        return rgb
    else:
        return np.hstack(rgb).reshape(orig_shape + (3,))

######################################################################

def get_bg_color(image, bits_per_channel=None):

    '''Obtains the background color from an image or array of RGB colors
by grouping similar colors into bins and finding the most frequent
one.

    '''

    assert image.shape[-1] == 3

    quantized = quantize(image, bits_per_channel).astype(int)
    packed = pack_rgb(quantized)

    unique, counts = np.unique(packed, return_counts=True)

    packed_mode = unique[counts.argmax()]

    return unpack_rgb(packed_mode)

######################################################################

def rgb_to_sv(rgb):

    '''Convert an RGB image or array of RGB colors to saturation and
value, returning each one as a separate 32-bit floating point array or
value.

    '''

    if not isinstance(rgb, np.ndarray):
        rgb = np.array(rgb)

    axis = len(rgb.shape)-1
    cmax = rgb.max(axis=axis).astype(np.float32)
    cmin = rgb.min(axis=axis).astype(np.float32)
    delta = cmax - cmin

    saturation = delta.astype(np.float32) / cmax.astype(np.float32)
    saturation = np.where(cmax == 0, 0, saturation)

    value = cmax/255.0

    return saturation, value

######################################################################

def postprocess(output_filename, options):

    '''Runs the postprocessing command on the file provided.'''

    assert options.postprocess_cmd

    base, _ = os.path.splitext(output_filename)
    post_filename = base + options.postprocess_ext

    cmd = options.postprocess_cmd
    cmd = cmd.replace('%i', output_filename)
    cmd = cmd.replace('%o', post_filename)
    cmd = cmd.replace('%e', options.postprocess_ext)

    subprocess_args = shlex.split(cmd)

    if os.path.exists(post_filename):
        os.unlink(post_filename)

    if not options.quiet:
        print('  running "{}"...'.format(cmd), end=' ')
        sys.stdout.flush()

    try:
        result = subprocess.call(subprocess_args)
        before = os.stat(output_filename).st_size
        after = os.stat(post_filename).st_size
    except OSError:
        result = -1

    if result == 0:

        if not options.quiet:
            print('{:.1f}% reduction'.format(
                100*(1.0-float(after)/before)))

        return post_filename

    else:

        sys.stderr.write('warning: postprocessing failed!\n')
        return None

######################################################################

def percent(string):
    '''Convert a string (i.e. 85) to a fraction (i.e. .85).'''
    return float(string)/100.0

######################################################################

def get_argument_parser():

    '''Parse the command-line arguments for this program.'''

    parser = ArgumentParser(
        description='convert scanned, hand-written notes to PDF')

    show_default = ' (default %(default)s)'

    parser.add_argument('filenames', metavar='IMAGE', nargs='+',
                        help='files to convert')

    parser.add_argument('-q', dest='quiet', action='store_true',
                        default=False,
                        help='reduce program output')

    parser.add_argument('-b', dest='basename', metavar='BASENAME',
                        default='page',
                        help='output PNG filename base' + show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-o', dest='pdfname', metavar='PDF',
                        default='output.pdf',
                        help='output PDF filename' + show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-v', dest='value_threshold', metavar='PERCENT',
                        type=percent, default='25',
                        help='background value threshold %%'+show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-s', dest='sat_threshold', metavar='PERCENT',
                        type=percent, default='20',
                        help='background saturation '
                        'threshold %%'+show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-n', dest='num_colors', type=int,
                        default='8',
                        help='number of output colors '+show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-p', dest='sample_fraction',
                        metavar='PERCENT',
                        type=percent, default='5',
                        help='%% of pixels to sample' + show_default)

    parser.add_argument('-w', dest='white_bg', action='store_true',
                        default=False, help='make background white')

    parser.add_argument('-g', dest='global_palette',
                        action='store_true', default=False,
                        help='use one global palette for all pages')

    parser.add_argument('-S', dest='saturate', action='store_false',
                        default=True, help='do not saturate colors')

    parser.add_argument('-K', dest='sort_numerically',
                        action='store_false', default=True,
                        help='keep filenames ordered as specified; '
                        'use if you *really* want IMG_10.png to '
                        'precede IMG_2.png')

    parser.add_argument('-P', dest='postprocess_cmd', default=None,
                        help='set postprocessing command (see -O, -C, -Q)')

    parser.add_argument('-e', dest='postprocess_ext',
                        default='_post.png',
                        help='filename suffix/extension for '
                        'postprocessing command')

    parser.add_argument('-O', dest='postprocess_cmd',
                        action='store_const',
                        const='optipng -silent %i -out %o',
                        help='same as -P "%(const)s"')

    parser.add_argument('-C', dest='postprocess_cmd',
                        action='store_const',
                        const='pngcrush -q %i %o',
                        help='same as -P "%(const)s"')

    parser.add_argument('-Q', dest='postprocess_cmd',
                        action='store_const',
                        const='pngquant --ext %e %i',
                        help='same as -P "%(const)s"')

    parser.add_argument('-c', dest='pdf_cmd', metavar="COMMAND",
                        default='convert %i %o',
                        help='PDF command (default "%(default)s")')

    return parser

######################################################################

def get_filenames(options):

    '''Get the filenames from the command line, optionally sorted by
number, so that IMG_10.png is re-arranged to come after IMG_9.png.
This is a nice feature because some scanner programs (like Image
Capture on Mac OS X) automatically number files without leading zeros,
and this way you can supply files using a wildcard and still have the
pages ordered correctly.

    '''

    if not options.sort_numerically:
        return options.filenames

    filenames = []

    for filename in options.filenames:
        basename = os.path.basename(filename)
        root, _ = os.path.splitext(basename)
        matches = re.findall(r'[0-9]+', root)
        if matches:
            num = int(matches[-1])
        else:
            num = -1
        filenames.append((num, filename))

    return [fn for (_, fn) in sorted(filenames)]

######################################################################

def load(input_filename):

    '''Load an image with Pillow and convert it to numpy array. Also
returns the image DPI in x and y as a tuple.'''

    try:
        pil_img = Image.open(input_filename)
    except IOError:
        sys.stderr.write('warning: error opening {}\n'.format(
            input_filename))
        return None, None

    if pil_img.mode != 'RGB':
        pil_img = pil_img.convert('RGB')

    if 'dpi' in pil_img.info:
        dpi = pil_img.info['dpi']
    else:
        dpi = (300, 300)

    img = np.array(pil_img)

    return img, dpi

######################################################################

def sample_pixels(img, options):

    '''Pick a fixed percentage of pixels in the image, returned in random
order.'''

    pixels = img.reshape((-1, 3))
    num_pixels = pixels.shape[0]
    num_samples = int(num_pixels*options.sample_fraction)

    idx = np.arange(num_pixels)
    np.random.shuffle(idx)

    return pixels[idx[:num_samples]]

######################################################################

def get_fg_mask(bg_color, samples, options):

    '''Determine whether each pixel in a set of samples is foreground by
comparing it to the background color. A pixel is classified as a
foreground pixel if either its value or saturation differs from the
background by a threshold.'''

    s_bg, v_bg = rgb_to_sv(bg_color)
    s_samples, v_samples = rgb_to_sv(samples)

    s_diff = np.abs(s_bg - s_samples)
    v_diff = np.abs(v_bg - v_samples)

    return ((v_diff >= options.value_threshold) |
            (s_diff >= options.sat_threshold))

######################################################################

def get_palette(samples, options, return_mask=False, kmeans_iter=40):

    '''Extract the palette for the set of sampled RGB values. The first
palette entry is always the background color; the rest are determined
from foreground pixels by running K-means clustering. Returns the
palette, as well as a mask corresponding to the foreground pixels.

    '''

    if not options.quiet:
        print('  getting palette...')

    bg_color = get_bg_color(samples, 6)

    fg_mask = get_fg_mask(bg_color, samples, options)

    centers, _ = kmeans(samples[fg_mask].astype(np.float32),
                        options.num_colors-1,
                        iter=kmeans_iter)

    palette = np.vstack((bg_color, centers)).astype(np.uint8)

    if not return_mask:
        return palette
    else:
        return palette, fg_mask

######################################################################

def apply_palette(img, palette, options):

    '''Apply the pallete to the given image. The first step is to set all
background pixels to the background color; then, nearest-neighbor
matching is used to map each foreground color to the closest one in
the palette.

    '''

    if not options.quiet:
        print('  applying palette...')

    bg_color = palette[0]

    fg_mask = get_fg_mask(bg_color, img, options)

    orig_shape = img.shape

    pixels = img.reshape((-1, 3))
    fg_mask = fg_mask.flatten()

    num_pixels = pixels.shape[0]

    labels = np.zeros(num_pixels, dtype=np.uint8)

    labels[fg_mask], _ = vq(pixels[fg_mask], palette)

    return labels.reshape(orig_shape[:-1])

######################################################################

def save(output_filename, labels, palette, dpi, options):

    '''Save the label/palette pair out as an indexed PNG image.  This
optionally saturates the pallete by mapping the smallest color
component to zero and the largest one to 255, and also optionally sets
the background color to pure white.

    '''

    if not options.quiet:
        print('  saving {}...'.format(output_filename))

    if options.saturate:
        palette = palette.astype(np.float32)
        pmin = palette.min()
        pmax = palette.max()
        palette = 255 * (palette - pmin)/(pmax-pmin)
        palette = palette.astype(np.uint8)

    if options.white_bg:
        palette = palette.copy()
        palette[0] = (255, 255, 255)

    output_img = Image.fromarray(labels, 'P')
    output_img.putpalette(palette.flatten())
    output_img.save(output_filename, dpi=dpi)

######################################################################

def get_global_palette(filenames, options):

    '''Fetch the global palette for a series of input files by merging
their samples together into one large array.

    '''

    input_filenames = []

    all_samples = []

    if not options.quiet:
        print('building global palette...')

    for input_filename in filenames:

        img, _ = load(input_filename)
        if img is None:
            continue

        if not options.quiet:
            print('  processing {}...'.format(input_filename))

        samples = sample_pixels(img, options)
        input_filenames.append(input_filename)
        all_samples.append(samples)

    num_inputs = len(input_filenames)

    all_samples = [s[:int(round(float(s.shape[0])/num_inputs))]
                   for s in all_samples]

    all_samples = np.vstack(tuple(all_samples))

    global_palette = get_palette(all_samples, options)

    if not options.quiet:
        print('  done\n')

    return input_filenames, global_palette

######################################################################

def emit_pdf(outputs, options):

    '''Runs the PDF conversion command to generate the PDF.'''

    cmd = options.pdf_cmd
    cmd = cmd.replace('%o', options.pdfname)
    if len(outputs) > 2:
        cmd_print = cmd.replace('%i', ' '.join(outputs[:2] + ['...']))
    else:
        cmd_print = cmd.replace('%i', ' '.join(outputs))
    cmd = cmd.replace('%i', ' '.join(outputs))

    if not options.quiet:
        print('running PDF command "{}"...'.format(cmd_print))

    try:
        result = subprocess.call(shlex.split(cmd))
    except OSError:
        result = -1

    if result == 0:
        if not options.quiet:
            print('  wrote', options.pdfname)
    else:
        sys.stderr.write('warning: PDF command failed\n')

######################################################################

def notescan_main(options):

    '''Main function for this program when run as script.'''

    filenames = get_filenames(options)

    outputs = []

    do_global = options.global_palette and len(filenames) > 1

    if do_global:
        filenames, palette = get_global_palette(filenames, options)

    do_postprocess = bool(options.postprocess_cmd)

    for input_filename in filenames:

        img, dpi = load(input_filename)
        if img is None:
            continue

        output_filename = '{}{:04d}.png'.format(
            options.basename, len(outputs))

        if not options.quiet:
            print('opened', input_filename)

        if not do_global:
            samples = sample_pixels(img, options)
            palette = get_palette(samples, options)

        labels = apply_palette(img, palette, options)

        save(output_filename, labels, palette, dpi, options)

        if do_postprocess:
            post_filename = postprocess(output_filename, options)
            if post_filename:
                output_filename = post_filename
            else:
                do_postprocess = False

        outputs.append(output_filename)

        if not options.quiet:
            print('  done\n')

    emit_pdf(outputs, options)

######################################################################

def main():
    '''Parse args and call notescan_main().'''
    notescan_main(options=get_argument_parser().parse_args())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

#from bash command line
#first create folder to save python dependencies:

    > sudo mkdir /var/www/.local
    > sudo mkdir /var/www/.cache
    > sudo chown www-data.www-data /var/www/.local
    > sudo chown www-data.www-data /var/www/.cache

# then install dependencies (imports):

    > sudo -H -u www-data pip install <dep1>
    > sudo -H -u www-data pip install <dep2>
    :
    
# then set user permissions to run your script to www-data user:
# creating a file at /etc/sudoers.d/:

    > sudo nano /etc/sudoers.d/mysudoerfile
    
    www-data ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python <path of your script here>

# then set execute permissions to your script:

    sudo chmod +x <path of your script here>

# then run your script 

#just install samba with

$ sudo apt install samba

#and go to this file:

$ sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf

#and just at the bottom add these lines:

    [share]
    comment = Ubuntu File Server Share
    path = /path/to/the/folder  #for example /home/user_name/public
    browsable = yes
    guest ok = yes
    read only = no
    create mask = 0755

#restart the samba service

$ sudo service smbd restart
$ sudo service nmbd restart

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
requires:

1) Install Linux dependences (search for specific linux distro instructions for this):
python-dev, python-pip, freetds-dev, freetds-bin, libaio1

2) Install instantclient-basic-lite
follow these instructions:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/linuxx86-64soft-092277.html?printOnly=1
(go to "Installation of ZIP files" section at the bottom of document)

3) Install python includes:

sudo -H pip install cx_Oracle
sudo -H pip install pymssql

"""

import cx_Oracle
import pymssql

""" ====== let's connect to Oracle DB Server ====="""

orcl_host = "host1"
orcl_port = 1521
orcl_user = "user1"
orcl_pwd  = "password1"
orcl_dbn  = "service_name"

connstr = orcl_user+"/"+orcl_pwd+"@"+orcl_host+":"+str(orcl_port)+"/"+orcl_dbn
orcl = cx_Oracle.connect(connstr)

#If all is correct we will see and object print:

print(orcl)

"""===== let's connect to sqlsvr: ====="""

sql_host = "host2"
sql_user = "user2"
sql_pwd  = "password2"
sql_dbn  = "database_name"

conexion_sql = pymssql.connect(sql_host, sql_user, sql_pwd, sql_dbn)

#If all is correct we will see and object print:

print(conexion_sql)

# Setup fake key in both DataFrames to join on it

df1['key'] = 0
df2['key'] = 0

df1.merge(df2, on='key', how='outer')

[name for name,para in model.named_parameters() if para.grad==None]

num_folds = 10
kfold = KFold(n_splits=num_folds, shuffle=True)
# K-fold Cross Validation model evaluation
fold_no = 1
histories = {'accuracy':[], 'loss':[], 'val_accuracy':[], 'val_loss':[]}

for train, test in kfold.split(X, label):
  print("---"*20)
  history = siamese.fit(
      [tf.gather(X[:,0], train),tf.gather(X[:,1], train)],
      tf.gather(label, train),
      validation_data=([tf.gather(X[:,0], test),tf.gather(X[:,1], test)], tf.gather(label, test)),
      batch_size=batch_size,
      epochs=epochs,
  )
  histories['accuracy'].append(history.history['accuracy'])
  histories['loss'].append(history.history['loss'])
  histories['val_accuracy'].append(history.history['val_accuracy'])
  histories['val_loss'].append(history.history['val_loss'])
with open('./trainHistoryDict', 'wb') as file_pi:
      pickle.dump(histories, file_pi)

from tkinter import *                  # =================== مرحله 1
# writing code needs to
# create the main window of
# the application creating
# main window object named root
root = Tk()                             # ======================  مرحله 2
# giving title to the main window
root.title("First_Program")
# Label is what output will be
# show on the window
label = Label(root, text ="Hello World !").pack()      #===== مرحله 3
# calling mainloop method which is used
# when your application is ready to run
# and it tells the code to keep displaying
root.mainloop()                        #===================== مرحله 4

import requests

url = 'SOME URL'

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'My User Agent 1.0',
    'From': 'youremail@domain.example'  # This is another valid field
}

response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

from selenium import webdriver
import requests

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?")

s = requests.Session()
# Set correct user agent
selenium_user_agent = driver.execute_script("return navigator.userAgent;")
s.headers.update({"user-agent": selenium_user_agent})

for cookie in driver.get_cookies():
    s.cookies.set(cookie['name'], cookie['value'], domain=cookie['domain'])

response = s.get("https://linkedin/example_page.com")

import seaborn as sns

penguins = sns.load_dataset('penguins')
ax = sns.histplot(data=penguins, x="flipper_length_mm", kde=True,
                  line_kws={'color': 'crimson', 'lw': 5, 'ls': ':'})

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
xs = [[5,3,4], [2,4,3], [2,3,5,4]]
ys = [[6,4,2], [3,6,7], [2,4,7,8]]
fig = figure()
fig.patches(xs, ys, fill_color = ['red', 'blue', 'black'], line_color = 'white')
output_file('patch_plot.html')
show(fig)

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
fig = figure(plot_width = 200, plot_height = 400)
fig.vbar(x = [1,2,3], width = 0.5, bottom = 0, top = [2,4,6], color = "Cyan")
output_file('bar.html')
show(fig)

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
fig = figure(plot_width = 400, plot_height = 200)
fig.hbar(y = [2,4,6], height = 1, left = 0, right = [1,2,3], color = "Cyan")
output_file('bar.html')
show(fig)

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
x = [1,2,3,4,5]
y = [2,4,6,8,10]
output_file('line.html')
fig = figure(title = 'Line Plot example', x_axis_label = 'x', y_axis_label = 'y')
fig.line(x,y)
show(fig)

import re

print('Welcome to temperature converter. Please enter your input in this format: 40.0F, 35C, 0.50F etc.')

temperature = input("Please enter temperature in Farenheit or Celcius to convert:\n")

pattern = re.compile("^([+-]?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?)\s*([CF])$")

found = re.findall(pattern, temperature)

if len(found) > 0:

    temp = float(found[0][0])
    conversion = found[0][1]

    if conversion == 'C':
        fahrenheit = (temp * 9 / 5) + 32
        print(f"{temp: .2f} Celcius is equivalent to {fahrenheit: .2f} Farenheit")
    elif conversion == 'F':
        celcius = (temp - 32) * 5 / 9
        print(f"{temp: .2f} Farenheit is equivalent to {celcius: .2f} Celcius")


else:
    print(f"""Expecting a number followed by "C" or "F" \n I don't understand your input: {temperature}""")

import random

#you can pass these message in the variables below right inside the print function
#but i decided to put them in a variable
small = 'is small'
large = 'is large'

number = random.randrange(1, 10)
guess = int(input('Enter any number: '))
while number != guess:
    if guess < number:
        print(guess, small)
        guess = int(input('Enter number again: '))
    elif guess > number:
        print(guess, large)
        guess = int(input('Enter number again: '))
    else:
        break
print('You guessed it right,', guess, '=', number)

# selenium 4
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))

import urllib.request

url = 'https://pdf_file_path/filename.pdf'

urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, 'filename.pdf')

date_from=(pd.Timestamp.today()-pd.Timedelta(30,'d')).strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

while True:
    try:
        marks = int(input("Enter your marks 0 to 100 to see your grade: "))
    except ValueError:
        print('Invalid input, try again')
        continue
    else:
        break
if marks > 100:
    print('Invalid marks')   
elif marks > 90 < 100:
    print('Grade A')
elif marks > 80 <= 90:
    print('Grade B')
elif marks >= 60 <= 80:
    print('Grade C')
elif marks < 60:
    print('Grade D')
else:
    print('You have failed')

import turtle
import random

w = 500
h = 500
food_size = 20
delay = 100

offsets = {
    "up": (0, 20),
    "down": (0, -20),
    "left": (-20, 0),
    "right": (20, 0)
}

def reset():
    global snake, snake_dir, food_position, pen
    snake = [[0, 0], [0, 20], [0, 40], [0, 60], [0, 80]]
    snake_dir = "up"
    food_position = get_random_food_position()
    food.goto(food_position)
    move_snake()
    
def move_snake():
    global snake_dir
    
    new_head = snake[-1].copy()
    new_head[0] = snake[-1][0] + offsets[snake_dir][0]
    new_head[1] = snake[-1][1] + offsets[snake_dir][1]
    
    if new_head in snake[:-1]:
        reset()
    else:
        snake.append(new_head)
        
        if not food_collision():
            snake.pop(0)
        if snake[-1] [0] > w / 2:
            snake[-1] [0] -= w
        elif snake[-1] [0] < - w /2:
            snake[-1] [0] += w
        elif snake[-1] [1] > h / 2:
            snake[-1] [1] -= h
        elif snake[-1] [1] < - h / 2:
            snake[-1] [1] += h
        
        pen.clearstamps()
        
        for segment in snake:
            pen.goto(segment[0], segment[1])
            pen.stamp()
        
        screen.update()
        
        turtle.ontimer(move_snake, delay)
        
def food_collision():
    global food_position
    if get_distance(snake[-1], food_position) < 20:
        food_position = get_random_food_position()
        food.goto(food_position)
        return True
    return False
    
def get_random_food_position():
    x = random.randint (- w / 2 + food_size, w / 2 - food_size)
    y = random.randint (- h / 2 + food_size, h / 2 - food_size)
    return(x, y)
    
def get_distance(pos1, pos2):
    x1, y1 = pos1
    x2, y2 = pos2
    distance = ((y2 - y1) ** 2 + (x2 - x1) ** 2) ** 0.5
    return distance

def go_up():
    global snake_dir
    if snake_dir != "down":
        snake_dir = "up"
            
def go_right():
    global snake_dir
    if snake_dir != "left":
        snake_dir = "right"
            
def go_down():
    global snake_dir
    if snake_dir != "up":
        snake_dir = "down"
            
def go_left():
    global snake_dir
    if snake_dir != "right":
        snake_dir = "left"
            
screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.setup(w, h)
screen.title("Snake Game")
screen.bgcolor("cyan")
screen.setup(500, 500)
screen.tracer(0)
    
pen = turtle.Turtle("square")
pen.color("red")
pen.penup()
    
food = turtle.Turtle()
food.shape("circle")
food.color("orange")
food.shapesize(food_size / 20)
food.penup()
    
screen.listen()
screen.onkey(go_up, "Up")
screen.onkey(go_right, "Right")
screen.onkey(go_down, "Down")
screen.onkey(go_left, "Left")
    
reset()
turtle.done()

import turtle
import colorsys

t = turtle.Turtle()
s = turtle.Screen()
s.bgcolor('black')
t.speed(0)
n = 36
h = 0
for i in range(360):
    c = colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(h, 1, 0.8)
    h+= 1/n
    t.color(c)
    t.circle(180)
    t.left(10)

import re
p = input('Input your password: ')
x = True
while x:
    if(len(p)<6 or len(p)>12):
        break
    elif not re.search('[a - z]', p):
        break
    elif not re.search('[0 - 9]', p):
        break
    elif not re.search('[A - Z]', p):
        break
    elif not re.search('[$#@]', p):
        break
    elif not re.search('\s', p):
        break
    else:
        print('Valid Password')
        x = False
        break
if x:
    print('Not a Valid Password')

kilometers = float(input('Enter value in kilometer: '))
conv_fac = 0.621371

miles = kilometers * conv_fac
print(kilometers,'kilometers is equal to', miles, 'miles')

vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
word = 'enter'
found = []
for letter in word:
    if letter in vowels:
        if letter not in found:
            found.append(letter)
for vowel in found:
    print(vowel)
else:
    print('No vowels found')

import streamlit as st

st.header('''Temperature Conversion App''')

st.write('''Slide to convert value to Fahrenheit''')
value = st.slider('Temperature in Fahrenheit')

st.write(value, '°F is ', (value * 9/5) + 32, '°C')

#Converting temperature to Fahrenheit
st.write('''Slide to convert value to Fahrenheit''')
value = st.slider('Temperature in Celcius')

st.write(value, '° is ', (value - 32) * 5/9, '°C')

fruits = ['cherry', 'apple', 'pear', 'kiwi', 'watermelon']

a, b, c = fruits

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

import webbrowser

#favorite browser 
webbrowser.open('https://www.chrome.com')

 """ 
'UserWarning: pyproj unable to set database path.' <- This happens with multiple pyproj installations on the same machine, which is quite common, as almost every geo software depends on it.

How to fix:
First, find all copies of 'proj.db' on the machine. Get the path for the correct one, which is probably something like 'C:/Users/Clemens Berteld/.conda/pkgs/proj-8.2.0-h1cfcee9_0/Library/share/proj'. Definitively not a QGIS or PostGIS path.

Then, use it as a parameter for this function and run it at the top of your code:
"""

def set_pyproj_path(proj_path):
    from pyproj import datadir
    datadir.set_data_dir(proj_path)
    # print(datadir.get_data_dir.__doc__)

class Solution:
    def lastStoneWeight(self, stones: List[int]) -> int:
        stones = [-s for s in stones] 
        heapq.heapify(stones)
        
        while len(stones) > 1: 
            first = abs(heapq.heappop(stones)) #linear time for python 
            second = abs(heapq.heappop(stones))
            
            
            if first > second: 
                heapq.heappush(stones, second - first) #remember that since it's a minHeap we need negative numbers so it's second - first 
        
        #edge case to account if stones is empty whether originally or after smashing 
        stones.append(0)
        
        return abs(stones[0])

def solution(s, t):
    result = []
    for i in range(len(s)):
        if s[i] in t:
            coll = set()
            for j in range(i, len(s)):
                if s[j] in t:
                    coll.add(s[j])
                    if len(coll) == len(t):
                        result.append(s[i:j+1])
    if result:
        return min(result, key=len)
    
    return ""
    

import sys
import time
import random
import datetime
import telepot

def handle(msg):
    chat_id = msg['chat']['id']
    command = msg['text']

    print 'Got command: %s' % command

    if command == 'command1':
        bot.sendMessage(chat_id, *******)
    elif command == 'command2':
        bot.sendMessage(chat_id, ******)
    elif command == 'photo':
        bot.sendPhoto(...)

bot = telepot.Bot('*** INSERT TOKEN ***')
bot.message_loop(handle)
print 'I am listening ...'

while 1:
    time.sleep(10)

# create a list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]

# remove 9 from the list
prime_numbers.remove(9)


# Updated prime_numbers List
print('Updated List: ', prime_numbers)

# Output: Updated List:  [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

class KthLargest:
	
    #Big O: n 
    def __init__(self, k: int, nums: List[int]): 
        #minHeap with k largest integers 
        
        self.minHeap, self.k = nums, k 
        heapq.heapify(self.minHeap) 
        
        while len(self.minHeap) > k: 
            heapq.heappop(self.minHeap) 
            
        

    #Big O: log N 
    def add(self, val: int) -> int:
        heapq.heappush(self.minHeap, val) 
        
        if len(self.minHeap) > self.k: 
            heapq.heappop(self.minHeap)
        
        return self.minHeap[0]
    

#Total big O: n log n 
    
    
    
# Your KthLargest object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = KthLargest(k, nums)
# param_1 = obj.add(val)

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.33, random_state=42)

import psycopg2

con = psycopg2.connect(database="pegasus", user=dbutils.secrets.get(scope = "dfh-prdsrc-keyvault-01", key = "user-pgsus-prd-02"), password=dbutils.secrets.get(scope = "dfh-prdsrc-keyvault-01", key = "pass-pgsus-prd-02"), host="pgsus-prd-dbpgres-01.postgres.database.azure.com", port="5432")

cur = con.cursor()

#cur.execute("UPDATE public.dc_parametrization set is_active= 'Y' where folder_name='sysgrid'")#.format(raw_table_name))
#cur.execute("UPDATE public.dc_parametrization set initial_load_flg = 'Y' where folder_name= 'sim-f'")#.format(raw_table_name))
cur.execute("UPDATE public.dc_parametrization set initial_load_flg = 'Y' where folder_name= 'q16_senv'")#.format(raw_table_name))
#cur.execute("UPDATE public.dc_parametrization set initial_load_flg = 'Y' where folder_name= 'jump'")#.format(raw_table_name))
#cur.execute("select * from public.dc_parametrization where folder_name= 'senv-sgcc'")

con.commit()

from pyspark.sql import functions as F
import pyspark.sql.types as Dtype
 
columns_to_normalize = ["MakeText", "BodyColorText"]
col_to_settings = dict({
        
    "MakeText": dict(
        {
            "MERCEDES-BENZ": "Mercedes",
            "FERRARI": "Ferrari"
        }
    ),
    "BodyColorText": dict(
        {
            "schwarz": "Black",
            "schwarz mét.": "Black",
            "braun": "Brown",
            "braun mét.": "Brown",
            "orange": "Orange"
        }
    )
})
 
def normalizer(value, col):
 
    settings = col_to_settings.get(col).get(value)
    return str(settings)
    
##normalize_column = udf(lambda x: normalizer(x, col), Dtype.StringType())
 
pre = spark.read.option("header","true").format("csv").load("/mnt/mducdevdl/mdu/valid/viaturas.csv")
 
for col in columns_to_normalize:
  print(col)
  
  normalize_column = udf(lambda x: normalizer(x, col), Dtype.StringType())
 
  pre = pre.withColumn(col, normalize_column(pre[col]))
  pre.select(col).distinct().show()

# Connect to GCP
from google.colab import auth
# follow the link and get a token
auth.authenticate_user()

# !pip install -q kaggle-cli
!pip install -qq kaggle
!mkdir -p ~/.kaggle
!cp "/content/drive/MyDrive/kaggle.json" ~/.kaggle/
!chmod 600 ~/.kaggle/kaggle.json

from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/drive' , force_remount=True)

class Solution:
    def binarySearch(self, nums, target):
        start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1 

        while start <= end: 
            middle = (start + end) // 2 
            current = nums[middle] 

            if target > current: 
                start = middle + 1 
            elif target < current: 
                end = middle - 1 
            else: 
                return middle
                #return current if you want value instead of index 
        return -1 
    
    
    def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
        if len(nums) == 0: 
            return -1 
        elif len(nums) == 1: 
            if nums[0] != target: 
                return -1 
            else: 
                return 0 
        else: 
            rotated = False
            lastIdx = len(nums) - 1 

            if nums[lastIdx] < nums[0]: 
                rotated = True 

            if rotated == False: 
                return self.binarySearch(nums, target) 
            else: 
                previous = nums[0]
                rotateIdx = 0 
                for i in range(1, len(nums)): 
                    if nums[i] < previous: 
                        rotateIdx = i 
                    previous = nums[i]
                    
                array1 = nums[:rotateIdx]
                array1Length = len(array1)
                array2 = nums[rotateIdx:] 

                if self.binarySearch(array1, target) == -1 and self.binarySearch(array2, target) != -1: 
                    return array1Length + self.binarySearch(array2, target)
                return self.binarySearch(array1, target)

# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.next = next
class Solution:
    def removeNthFromEnd(self, head: Optional[ListNode], n: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
        dummy = ListNode(0, head)
        left = dummy 
        right = head #we actually want right to be head + n 
        
        #setting right to be head + n 
        while n > 0 and right: 
            right = right.next 
            n -= 1 
        
        #this should get left at previous and right at after thanks to dummy node we inserted 
        while right: 
            left = left.next
            right = right.next 
        
        #delete node 
        left.next = left.next.next 
        
        return dummy.next 



#bottom solution is what I first came up with and works in leetcode except for if head = [1] and n = 1 which is the case I tried to account for in the second elif statement but it gave me an error saying cannot return [] even though it was fine for the first if statement 

#big O: is still O(n) just like 1st scenario 

class Solution: 
	def removeNthFromEnd(self, head: Optional[ListNode], n: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
    	if head is None: 
            return []
        elif head.next is None and n == 1: 
            return []
        else: 
            current = head
            counter = 0 #will become length of LL 
            
            #to determine length of LL 
            while current is not None: 
                counter += 1 
                current = current.next 
                
            #consider adding an edge case here if n > counter 
            
            #second pass now knowing length of LL 
            previous, current = head, head 
            new_counter = 0 
            target = counter - n 
            while new_counter is not target + 1: 
                if new_counter == (target - 1): 
                    previous = current 
                if new_counter == target: 
                    after = current.next 
                    previous.next = after 
                    current.next = None 
                    break 


                current = current.next 


                new_counter += 1

            return head 

from telethon import events, TelegramClient


bot = TelegramClient(BOT_SESSION,
                     BOT_API_ID,
                     BOT_API_HASH).start(bot_token=BOT_TOKEN)


@bot.on(events.NewMessage(pattern='/greeting'))
async def greeting(event):
    async with bot.conversation(await event.get_chat(), exclusive=True) as conv:
        await conv.send_message('Hi!')
        hello = await conv.get_response()
        await conv.send_message('Please tell me your name')
        name = await conv.get_response().raw_text
        await conv.send_message(f'Thanks {name}!')

print df.groupby('value')['tempx'].apply(' '.join).reset_index()
   value                                              tempx
0    1.5  picture1 picture555 picture255 picture365 pict...

#solution involving minHeap 
#Strategy: 
#1) Take out the smallest number from the heap, and
#2) Insert the larger number into the heap.
#3) repeat 
#This will ensure that we always have ‘K’ largest numbers in the heap. The most efficient way to repeatedly find the smallest number among a set of numbers will be to use a min-heap.


#Big O n log k. Space: O (k) 

from heapq import *
#this is a heap library. look at relevant functions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/heapq.html 


def find_k_largest_numbers(nums, k):
  minHeap = []
  # put first 'K' numbers in the min heap
  for i in range(k):
    heappush(minHeap, nums[i])

  # go through the remaining numbers of the array, if the number from the array is bigger than the
  # top(smallest) number of the min-heap, remove the top number from heap and add the number from array
  for i in range(k, len(nums)):
    if nums[i] > minHeap[0]:
    #heapop removes smallest element in heap 
      heappop(minHeap)
      heappush(minHeap, nums[i])

  # the heap has the top 'K' numbers
  return minHeap


#brute force approach has big O of n log N 
def find_k_largest_numbers(nums, k):
  result = []
  
  nums.sort() 
  nums_length_index = len(nums) - 1 - k 

  for i in range(nums_length_index + 1, len(nums)): 
    result.append(nums[i]) 
  
  return result

find_k_largest_numbers([3, 1, 5, 12, 2, 12], 3) # will result in [5, 12, 12] 


#if you dont want duplicates you can do the following: 
def find_k_largest_numbers(nums, k):
  result = []
  
  nums.sort() 
  nums_set = set(nums)
  nums_length_index = len(nums_set) - 1 - k 

  for i in range(nums_length_index + 1, len(nums_set)): 
    result.append(nums[i]) 
  
  return result

#solution where you just take subset I and replace last return statement 
class Solution:
    def subsetsWithDup(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:

   
        subset = [] 
        result = [] 
        
        #i is index of subset 
        def dfs(i): 
            if i >= len(nums): 
                result.append(subset.copy())
                return 
            
            #decision to include nums[i]
            subset.append(nums[i])
            #this recursive call will be given filled subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
            
            #decision NOT to include nums[i] 
            subset.pop()
            #this recursive call will be given empty subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
        
        dfs(0) 
        
        #need to remove duplicate sublists within result 
        return ([list(i) for i in {*[tuple(sorted(i)) for i in result]}])  
  

#solution to prevent duplicates in the first place
class Solution:
    def subsetsWithDup(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:

   
        result = []
		nums.sort() 

		def backtrack(i, subset): 
        	if i == len(nums): 
            	res.append(subset.copy())
				return 
			
			#all subsets that include nums[i] 
            subset.append(nums[i]) 
			backtrack(i + 1, subset) 
			#remove number we just added 
            subset.pop()
            
            #all subsets that don't include nums[i]
        	while i + 1 < len(nums) and nums[i] == nums[i + 1]: 
            	i += 1 
			backtrack(i + 1, subset)
		
		backtrack(0, [])
		
		return result 
        
        
        
        
#solution for array with unique integer array. only last return line is dfferent 
class Solution:
    def subsets(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        subset = [] 
        result = [] 
        
        #i is index of subset 
        def dfs(i): 
            if i >= len(nums): 
                result.append(subset.copy())
                return 
            
            #decision to include nums[i]
            subset.append(nums[i])
            #this recursive call will be given filled subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
            
            #decision NOT to include nums[i] 
            subset.pop()
            #this recursive call will be given empty subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
        
        dfs(0) 
        
        return result 
        
        
        

def solution(n, k):
    return climb(n, k, [])
    
        
        
def climb(n, k, jumps):
    if n == 0:
        return [jumps]
    
    out = []
    
    for i in range(1, k+1):
        if i > n:
            continue
            
        temp = jumps + [i] 
        out += climb(n-i, k, temp)
        
    return out

class Solution:
    #number of permutations = n! 
    def permute(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        result = []
    
        if len(nums) == 1: 
            return [nums[:]] 
        
        for i in range(len(nums)): 
            #pop off first element 
            n = nums.pop(0)
            
            #numswill now have one less value, will append popped value later 
            perms = self.permute(nums) 
            
            for perm in perms: 
                perm.append(n)
            
            result.extend(perms)
            #adding popped back 
            nums.append(n) 
        
        return result 
 

class Solution:

    def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        result = []
        
        #i is index of candidates 
        def dfs(i, current, total): 
            if total == target: 
              #if you do not add .copu() it will append empty arrays 
                result.append(current.copy())
                return 
            if i >= len(candidates) or total > target: 
                return 

            #decision tree has 2 options: 1) add candidates[i] or 2) do not add and move on to next index 
            
            #1) try adding candidates[i]
            current.append(candidates[i])
            dfs(i, current, total + candidates[i])
            #2) move on to next index 
            current.pop() 
            dfs(i + 1, current, total)
        
        dfs(0, [], 0)
        return result 

def set_seed(seed=42):
    """
    sets the integer starting value used in generating random numbers.
    comment out packages/frameworks not in use as per your choice 
    """
    np.random.seed(seed)
    os.environ['PYTHONHASHSEED'] = str(seed)
    random.seed(seed)
    tf.random.set_seed(seed)
    torch.manual_seed(seed)
    torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed)
    torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True

#Create variables:my_age,half_my_age ,greeting,  name
#greeting_with_name
#Assign values to each using your knowledge of division and concatenation!


my_age = 22
half_my_age = my_age / 2
greeting = "How's your day been"
name = "Abubakar"
greeting_with_name = greeting + name

to_you = """Stranger, if you passing meet me and desire to speak to me, why
  should you not speak to me?
And why should I not speak to you?"""

print(to_you)

#Multi-line Strings
Python strings are very flexible, but if we try to create a string that occupies multiple lines we find ourselves face-to-face with a SyntaxError. Python offers a solution: multi-line strings. By using three quote-marks #(""" or ''') #instead of one, we tell the program that the string doesn’t end until the next triple-quote. This method is useful if the string being defined contains a lot of quotation marks and we want to be sure we don’t close it prematurely.

leaves_of_grass = """
Poets to come! orators, singers, musicians to come!
Not to-day is to justify me and answer what I am for,
But you, a new brood, native, athletic, continental, greater than
  before known,
Arouse! for you must justify me.
"""

total_price = 0

new_sneakers = 50.00

total_price += new_sneakers

nice_sweater = 39.00
fun_books = 20.00
# Update total_price here:

total_price += nice_sweater
total_price += fun_books

print("The total price is", total_price)

# First we have a variable with a number saved
number_of_miles_hiked = 12
 
# Then we need to update that variable
# Let's say we hike another two miles today
number_of_miles_hiked += 2
 
# The new value is the old value
# Plus the number after the plus-equals
print(number_of_miles_hiked)
# Prints 14


hike_caption = "What an amazing time to walk through nature!"
 
# Almost forgot the hashtags!
hike_caption += " #nofilter"
hike_caption += " #blessed"

class Solution:
    def subsets(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        subset = [] 
        result = [] 
        
        #i is index of subset 
        def dfs(i): 
            if i >= len(nums): 
                result.append(subset.copy())
                return 
            
            #decision to include nums[i]
            subset.append(nums[i])
            #this recursive call will be given filled subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
            
            #decision NOT to include nums[i] 
            subset.pop()
            #this recursive call will be given empty subset 
            dfs(i + 1)
        
        dfs(0) 
        
        return result 
        
        

class Tree(object):
  def __init__(self, x, left=None, right=None):
    self.value = x
    self.left = left
    self.right = right 

x = Tree(1, Tree(0, Tree(1), Tree(3)), Tree(4))


def solution(t): 
    if not t: 
        return 0 
    
    stack = [(t, 0)]
    branchesSum = 0 
    
    while stack: 
        node, v = stack.pop() 
        if node.left or node.right:
        #depth first search 
        # the v is a little confusing to understand but easier to see in python tutor 
        # it goes from 1 to 10 to 100 etc. based on the height of the branch 
        # can probably do something like str() and converting back to int() as well 
            if node.left: 
                stack.append((node.left, node.value + v * 10)) 
            if node.right: 
                stack.append((node.right, node.value + v * 10)) 
        else: 
            branchesSum += node.value + v * 10 
    return branchesSum 

tring1 = "The wind, "
string2 = "which had hitherto carried us along with amazing rapidity, "
string3 = "sank at sunset to a light breeze; "
string4 = "the soft air just ruffled the water and "
string5 = "caused a pleasant motion among the trees as we approached the shore, "
string6 = "from which it wafted the most delightful scent of flowers and hay."

# Define message below:
message = string1+string2+string3+string4+string5+string6

print(message)

# Prints 4 because 29 / 5 is 5 with a remainder of 4
print(29 % 5)
 
# Prints 2 because 32 / 3 is 10 with a remainder of 2
print(32 % 3)
 
# Modulo by 2 returns 0 for even numbers and 1 for odd numbers
# Prints 0
print(44 % 2)

In [85]: df[0].str.split('_').str[1:].str.join('_')
Out[85]:
0    toronto_maple-leafs_Canada
1              boston_bruins_US
2             detroit_red-wings
3                      montreal
Name: 0, dtype: object

fig, axes = plt.subplots(rows,cols, figsize=(20,20))
axes = axes.ravel()

for i, col in enumerate(train_df.columns)  :
    sns.histplot(train_df[col], kde=True, stat='density', ax=axes[i])

fig.suptitle("Distribution plot for each feature")
fig.tight_layout()

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
# Getting the Upper Triangle of the co-relation matrix
corr = train_df.corr()
matrix = np.triu(corr)
sns.heatmap(corr, mask=matrix, annot=True, annot_kws={"size": 8}, cmap="coolwarm", fmt='.1g');

#
# Binary trees are already defined with this interface:
# class Tree(object):
#   def __init__(self, x):
#     self.value = x
#     self.left = None
#     self.right = None
import math 
def solution(t):
    if t is None: return [] 
    
    stack = [t] 
    result = []
    
    while len(stack) > 0: 
        result.append(max(tree.value for tree in stack)) 
        next_row = [tree.left for tree in stack if tree.left] + [tree.right for tree in stack if tree.right]
        stack = next_row 
    return result 


 #1. Add max value of ‘stack’ to result. 2. Create a new list of all next values for each value in stack. 3. redefine stack to this newly made list. 4. repeat 


#alternate solution 
def solution(t):
    largestValues = []
    q = []
    height = 0
    if t:
        q.append([t, height])
        while q:
            item = q.pop()
            node = item[0]
            currentHeight = item[1]
            if node.left:
                q.insert(0, [node.left, currentHeight + 1] )
            if node.right:
                q.insert(0, [node.right, currentHeight + 1])
            checkLargest(node.value, currentHeight, largestValues)
            
    return largestValues
    
        
def checkLargest(value, height, largestValues):
    if height == len(largestValues):
        largestValues.append(value)
    else:
        if largestValues[height] < value:
            largestValues[height] = value

import chardet
with open(files[0], 'rb') as file:
    print(chardet.detect(file.read()))

if 'MICHAEL89'.casefold() in (name.casefold() for name in USERNAMES):
Or:

if 'MICHAEL89'.casefold() in map(str.casefold, USERNAMES):
As per the docs:

Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more aggressive because it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a string. For example, the German lowercase letter 'ß' is equivalent to "ss". Since it is already lowercase, lower() would do nothing to 'ß'; casefold() converts it to "ss".

class CircularQueue:
    def __init__(self, size):
        self.size = size
        self.head = 0
        self.tail = 0
        self.buffer = [None] * size
        self.length = 0

    def enqueue(self, value):
        self.length += 1
        self.buffer[self.tail] = value
        self.tail += 1
        if self.tail >= self.size:
            self.tail = 0

    def dequeue(self):
        self.length -= 1
        value = self.buffer[self.head]
        self.head += 1
        if self.head >= self.size:
            self.head = 0
        return value

# //Tree Traversal (visit every node once) 
# //Heavy on recursion 
 
# //Breadth-first (BFS) vs. Depth-first (DFS) 
 
# // DFS: 
# // 1) in order (go in order of value)
# // 2) pre order (start at root)
# // 3) post order (start at botom)
 
 
# //When to use BFS vs. DFS: 
# //For a fully loaded (wide) tree, BFS queue will be overloaded in the start (overloaded space complexity)
# //For a longer tree, DFS will take more memory (more rare, Trees are usually wide)
# //Big O for both is same 
 
# //In order: useful if you want sorted array at end (you don't really know what the root is bc it's in the middle)
# //PreOrder: useful to "export a tree" so that it can be copied bc it flattens it 

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value): 
    self.value = value 
    self.left = None 
    self.right = None 
 
class BinarySearchTree: 
  def __init__(self): 
    self.root = None 
 
  #adds number to correct place 
  def insert(self, value): 
    #creates new Node   
    new_node = Node(value) 
    #start at root 
    #if no root exists, root becomes new_node 
    if self.root == None: 
      self.root = new_node 
      return self 
    
    current = self.root 
    
    while True: 
      #to handle special case where value is same as current node 
      #you can return None or you can add a counter property 
      if value == current.value: 
        return None 
      #check to see if value is less than current 
      if value < current.value: 
        #check to see if there is node to left 
        #if not, add new_node to left 
        if current.left == None: 
          current.left = new_node 
          return self
        #if there is node to left, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.left 
      #check to see if value is greater than current 
      else: 
        #check to see if there is node to right 
        #if not, add new_node to right 
        if current.right == None: 
          current.right = new_node 
          return self 
        #if there is node to right, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.right 
        
  #Breadth first search iterative using queue 
  def BFS(self):
    node = self.root 
    #we will return data 
    data = [] 
    queue = [] 
    #place root node inside queue (recall FIFO)
    queue.append(node) 
    #while queue is not empty 
    while len(queue) > 0: 
      #dequeue node from queue and append to data  
      node = queue.pop(0)
      data.append(node) 
      #if there is left on node dequeued, add to queue 
      if node.left: 
        queue.append(node.left) 
      #if there is right on node dequeued, add to queue 
      if node.right: 
        queue.append(node.right) 
      #above two lines of code could be changed if it was a ternary tree, etc. instead of binary 
      #just loop for all children 
    return data 
  
  #parent down uses recursive 
  def DFSPreoder(self): 
    data = [] 
    #if you want to DFS not from root, create a variable here named current and specify which node to start from 
    #helper function 
    def traverse(node): 
      #all of root node's left will happen first, then right 
      #for other types of DFS, just tweak this order 
      data.append(node.value) 
      if node.left:
        traverse(node.left)
      if node.right: 
        traverse(node.right)
    
    traverse(self.root) 
    return data 
  
  #children up, root should be last value 
  def DFSPostOrder(self): 
    data = []
    
    def traverse(node): 
      if node.left:
        traverse(node.left)
      if node.right: 
        traverse(node.right)
      data.append(node.value)
    
    traverse(self.root)
    return data 
  
  #result data list should be sorted 
  def DFSInOrder(self):
    data = []
    def traverse(node): 
      if node.left: 
        traverse(node.left)
      data.push(node.value)
      if node.right: 
        traverse(node.right)
    traverse(self.root)
    return data 

t = BinarySearchTree() 
t.insert(1)
t.insert(5)
t.insert(6)
t.insert(2)
t.insert(0) 
t.insert(-1)
t.insert(7) 

print(t.DFSInOrder())

//Useful for background tasks, uploading resources, print/task 
 
//Can be impleneted with array (use push/shift or unshift/pop) or queue class 
//Again any time you use shift/unshift, you have O(N)
//FIFO 

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value, next=None): 
    self.value = value 
    self.next = next 
  
class Queue: 
  def __init__(self, first=None, last=None, size=0): 
    self.first = first 
    self.last = last 
    self.size = size 
  
  #add to end of queue (similar to append or push) and returns size 
  def enqueue(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value) 
    
    if self.first == None: 
      self.first = new_node 
      self.last = new_node 
    else: 
      self.last.next = new_node
      self.last = new_node 
    
    self.size += 1
    return self.size 
  
  #remove from beginning of queue 
  def dequeue(self): 
    if self.first == None: 
      return None 
    
    temp = self.first 
    if self.first == self.last: 
      self.last = None 
    #set 1st property to be original first's next 
    self.first = self.first.next 
    self.size -= 1 
    
    return temp.value 
    
  #useful to visualize any other function works 
  def print_queue_to_list(self): 
    result = []
    current = self.first 
    while current: 
      result.append(current.value)
      current = current.next 
    print(result)

s = Queue() 
s.enqueue(1) 
s.enqueue(2)
s.enqueue(3)
s.print_queue_to_list() >> [1, 2, 3]
s.dequeue() 
s.print_queue_to_list() >> [2, 3]

// Big O: 
// Insertion and Removal: O(1) **this is mainly what stacks are good for 
// Access and Search: O(N) 
//Recall with array implenetation, insertion and removal is not constant 

# //Used in call stack, undo/redo, routing 
 
# //Array implenentation (just use pop/push or shift/unshift) 
# //Recall that pop/push is more efficient than shift/unshift 
# //Indexes take up memory so linked list implenetation will be better 
 
# //Single linked implenetation of stack:

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value, next=None): 
    self.value = value 
    self.next = next 

class Stack: 
  def __init__(self, first=None, last=None, size=0): 
    self.first = first
    self.last = last 
    self.size = size 
  
  #Similar to shift or insert(0, value). Adds to stack and returns size. Recall stack is LIFO  
  def push(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value) 
    if self.first == None: 
      self.first = new_node 
      self.last = new_node 
    else: 
      #stores current 1st property on stack 
      temp = self.first 
      #reset 1st property to be newly created one 
      self.first = new_node 
      #set new next property 
      self.first.next = temp 
    #increment stack 
    self.size += 1  
    return self.size 
  
  #in python, this would be pop(0). Similar to unshift. Removes first element on stack  
  def pop(self): 
    #special case if stakc is empty 
    if self.first == None: 
      return None 
      
    temp = self.first 
    #if there is only 1 node, set 1st node and last property to be None 
    if self.first == self.last: 
      self.last = None
      #self.first = None will be set in next line 
    
    #for all scenarios except empty stack 
    self.first = self.first.next 
    self.size -= 1 
    return temp.value 
    
    #useful to visualize reverse() or any other function works 
  def print_stack_to_list(self): 
    result = []
    current = self.first 
    while current: 
      result.append(current.value)
      current = current.next 
    print(result)


s = Stack() 
s.push(1) 
s.push(2)
s.push(3)
s.print_stack_to_list() # [3, 2, 1]
s.pop()
s.print_stack_to_list() #[2, 1]



# //these methods deal with 1st node bc thats what stacks do (LIFO) 
# // Big O: 
# // Insertion and Removal: O(1) **this is mainly what stacks are good for 
# // Access and Search: O(N) 
      

# //almost identical to doubly linked list but 
# //every node has another pointer to previous node 
# //Advantages: able to access list at end instead of going from start 
# //Disadvantages: takes up more memory 

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value, next=None, previous=None): 
    self.value = value 
    self.next = next 
    self.previous = previous 

class DoublyLinkedList:
  def __init__(self, head=None, tail=None, length=0):
    self.head = head 
    self.tail = tail 
    self.length = length 

  #add to end of list 
  def append(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value)
    #if there is no head (list is empty), set head and tail to be new_node 
    if self.head == None: 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.tail = new_node
    #otheriwse, set next property on tail to be new node and set tail to be newly created node 
    else: 
      self.tail.next = new_node 
      new_node.previous = self.tail 
      self.tail = new_node 
    #increment length and return 
    self.length += 1 
    return self 
  
  #removes last element of list 
   def pop(self): 
    if self.head == None: 
      return None 
    #current will eventually be the last elemeent and will be removed 
    current = self.head 
    #variable right before end 
    new_tail = current 
    #while loop to traverse to end 
    while current.next: 
      new_tail = current 
      current = current.next 
    #sets new tail 
    self.tail = new_tail 
    #cuts off old tail and current previous property 
    self.tail.next = None 
    current.previous = None 
    #decrement list 
    self.length -= 1 
    #to account when list will be destroyed 
    if self.length == 0: 
      self.head = None
      self.tail = None 
    return current 
  
  #removes elememnt at head. Note in python, shift doesn't exist, it would be .pop(0) or you can use remove which is defined later
  def shift(self): 
    if self.head == None: 
      return None 
    #current_head will be removed and returned 
    current_head = self.head 
    self.head = current_head.next 
    #severs new self.head previous property
    self.head.previous = None 
    self.length -= 1 
    #to account when list will be destroyed 
    if self.length == 0: 
      self.tail = None 
    #severs current_head. Note previous is already set to None 
    current_head.next = None 
    return current_head 

  
  #adds to start of list and replaces head. I included shift/unshift because this is what makes linked list special in terms of reducing big O 
  def unshift(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value)
    #edge case to account if list is originally empty 
    if self.head == None: 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.tail = self.head 
    else: 
      temp = self.head 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.head.next = temp 
      temp.previous = self.head 
    self.length += 1 
  
  #travels to node at index and returns node 
  def traverse(self, index): 
    if index < 0 or index >= self.length: 
      raise IndexError('index out of range')
    counter = 0 
    current = self.head 
    #since this is doubly linked list, you can also approach from tail and go backwards 
    while counter != index: 
      current = current.next 
      counter += 1 
    return current 
  
  #travels to node at index and returns node's value 
  def get(self, index): 
    #to accomodate normal python function, where if you give index = -1 in a get(), it will return last index and so on 
    if index < 0: 
      index = self.length + index 
    node = self.traverse(index)
    return node.value 
  
  #replaces value at index 
  def set(self, index, value): 
    found_node = self.traverse(index) 
    if found_node: 
      found_node.value = value
      return True 
    else: 
      return False 
  
  #insert value at index and adds 1 to length, returns boolean if successful 
  def insert(self, index, value): 
    if index < 0 or index > self.length: 
      raise IndexError('index out of range')
    if index == self.length: 
      #not not is similar to !! in javascript and it's so it returns a boolean if successful 
      return not not self.append(value)
    if index == 0: 
      return not not self.unshift(value) 
    else: 
      new_node = Node(value) 
      previous_node = self.traverse(index - 1) 
      after_node = previous_node.next 
      
      #creating relations before new_node 
      previous_node.next = new_node 
      new_node.previous = previous_node 
      #creating relations after new_node 
      new_node.next = after_node 
      after_node.previous = new_node 
      
      #increment length
      self.length += 1 
      return self 
  
  
  def remove(self, index): 
    if index < 0 or index > self.length: 
      return indexError('index out of range') 
    if index == self.length - 1: 
      return self.pop()
    if index == 0: 
      return self.shift() 
    else: 
      #need to get previous node and after node to create relationships 
      previous_node = self.traverse(index - 1) 
      #removed_node will be removed and returned  
      removed_node = previous_node.next 
      after_node = removed_node.next 
      #unlink removed_node 
      previous_node.next = removed_node.next 
      after_node.previous = previous_node 
      #sever removed_node next 
      removed_node.next = None 
      removed_node.previous = None 
      self.length -= 1 
      return removed_node 
  
 #common interview question 
  def reverse(self): 
    #switching head and tail 
    current = self.head 
    self.head = self.tail 
    self.tail = current 
    
    next, previous = None, None 
    #to show for loop is possible in LL. Could use while loop as well 
    for i in range(0, self.length): 
      #think of this as creating the block 
      next = current.next 
      current.next = previous #initially None 
      current.previous = next
      #think of this as connecting head/previous to the block 
      previous = current 
      current = next 
    return self 

# # // [100. 201, 250, 350, 999]
# # // first part 
# # // NODE  NEXT 
# # // 100 -> null 
 
# # // second part (for loop and beyond) 
# # // PREV  NODE  NEXT 
# # // line 154( prev = current; ) specifically: 
# # // 201 -> 100  -> null 
# # // line 155 (current = next;): 
# # //        PREV  NODE  NEXT 
# # // 250 -> 201 -> 100 
  
  #useful to visualize reverse() or any other function works 
  def print_linkedlist_to_list(self): 
    result = []
    current = self.head 
    while current: 
      result.append(current.value)
      current = current.next 
    print(result)
    
    
    

# l = DoublyLinkedList() 
# l.append(1) 
# l.append(2)
# l.pop()
# l.shift()
# l.unshift(3)
# l.append(4) 
# l.traverse(0)
# l.get(-2)
# l.set(2, 7)
# l.insert(0, 99)
# l.remove(2)
# l.print_linkedlist_to_list()
# l.reverse() 
# l.print_linkedlist_to_list()

# y = l.length
# print(y)

# // Insertion: 
# // O(1) 
# // Removal: recall in SL it depends 
# // O(1)
# // Searching: 
# // O(N) but optimized bc you can start from head or tail (but more memory)
# // Access: 
# // Same as searching 

res = dict((v,k) for k,v in a.items())

class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value, next=None): 
    self.value = value 
    self.next = next 

class SinglyLinkedList:
  def __init__(self, head=None, tail=None, length=0):
    self.head = head 
    self.tail = tail 
    self.length = length 

  #add to end of list 
  def append(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value)
    #if there is no head (list is empty), set head and tail to be new_node 
    if self.head == None: 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.tail = self.head 
    #otheriwse, set next property on tail to be new node and set tail to be newly created node 
    else: 
      self.tail.next = new_node 
      self.tail = self.tail.next
    #increment length and return 
    self.length += 1 
    return self 
  
  #removes last element of list 
  def pop(self): 
    if self.head == None: 
      return None 
    #current will eventually be the last elemeent and will be removed 
    current = self.head 
    #variable right before end 
    new_tail = current 
    #while loop to traverse to end 
    while current.next: 
      new_tail = current 
      current = current.next 
    #sets new tail 
    self.tail = new_tail 
    #cuts off old tail 
    self.tail.next = None 
    #decrement list 
    self.length -= 1 
    #to account when list will be destroyed 
    if self.length == 0: 
      self.head = None
      self.tail = None 
    return current 
  
  #removes elememnt at head. Note in python, shift doesn't exist, it would be .pop(0) or you can use remove which is defined later
  def shift(self): 
    if self.head == None: 
      return None 
    current_head = self.head 
    self.head = current_head.next 
    self.length -= 1 
    #to account when list will be destroyed 
    if self.length == 0: 
      self.tail = None 
    return current_head 
  
  #adds to start of list and replaces head. I included shift/unshift because this is what makes linked list special in terms of reducing big O 
  def unshift(self, value): 
    new_node = Node(value)
    #edge case to account if list is originally empty 
    if self.head == None: 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.tail = self.head 
    else: 
      temp = self.head 
      self.head = new_node 
      self.head.next = temp 
    self.length += 1 
  
  #travels to node at index and returns node 
  def traverse(self, index): 
    if index < 0 or index >= self.length: 
      raise IndexError('index out of range')
    counter = 0 
    current = self.head 
    while counter != index: 
      current = current.next 
      counter += 1 
    return current 
  
  #travels to node at index and returns node's value 
  def get(self, index): 
    #to accomodate normal python function, where if you give index = -1 in a get(), it will return last index and so on 
    if index < 0: 
      index = self.length + index 
    node = self.traverse(index)
    return node.value 
  
  #replaces value at index 
  def set(self, index, value): 
    found_node = self.traverse(index) 
    if found_node: 
      found_node.value = value
      return True 
    else: 
      return False 
  
  #insert value at index and adds 1 to length, returns boolean if successful 
  def insert(self, index, value): 
    if index < 0 or index > self.length: 
      raise IndexError('index out of range')
    if index == self.length: 
      #not not is similar to !! in javascript and it's so it returns a boolean if successful 
      return not not self.append(value)
    if index == 0: 
      return not not self.unshift(value) 
    else: 
      new_node = Node(value) 
      previous_node = self.traverse(index - 1) 
      temp = previous_node.next 
      #set next property of previous node to be new_node 
      previous_node.next = new_node 
      #set new_node next to be old next of previous 
      #you can also write this as previous_node.next.next = temp 
      new_node.next = temp 
      self.length += 1 
      return True 
  
  
  def remove(self, index): 
    if index < 0 or index > self.length: 
      return indexError('index out of range') 
    if index == self.length - 1: 
      return self.pop()
    if index == 0: 
      return self.shift() 
    else: 
      #need to get previous node to create relationships 
      previous_node = self.traverse(index - 1) 
      #removed_node will be removed and returned  
      removed_node = previous_node.next 
      #unlink removed_node 
      previous_node.next = removed_node.next 
      #sever removed_node next 
      removed_node.next = None 
      self.length -= 1 
      return removed_node 
  
  #common interview question 
  def reverse(self): 
    #switching head and tail 
    current = self.head 
    self.head = self.tail 
    self.tail = current 
    
    next, previous = None, None 
    #to show for loop is possible in LL. Could use while loop as well 
    for i in range(0, self.length): 
      #think of this as creating the block 
      next = current.next 
      current.next = previous #initially None 
      #think of this as connecting head/previous to the block 
      previous = current 
      current = next 
    return self 

# // [100. 201, 250, 350, 999]
# // first part 
# // NODE  NEXT 
# // 100 -> null 
 
# // second part (for loop and beyond) 
# // PREV  NODE  NEXT 
# // line 154( prev = current; ) specifically: 
# // 201 -> 100  -> null 
# // line 155 (current = next;): 
# //        PREV  NODE  NEXT 
# // 250 -> 201 -> 100 
  
  #useful to visualize reverse() works 
  def print_linkedlist_to_list(self): 
    result = []
    current = self.head 
    while current: 
      result.append(current.value)
      current = current.next 
    print(result)
    
    
    

l = SinglyLinkedList() 
l.push(1) 
l.push(2)
l.pop()
l.shift()
l.unshift(3)
l.push(4) 
l.traverse(0)
l.get(-2)
l.set(2, 7)
l.insert(0, 99)
l.remove(2)
l.print_linkedlist_to_list()
l.reverse() 
l.print_linkedlist_to_list()

y = l.length
print(y)

# //Big O: 
# //Insertion: O(1)
# //Removal: depends O(1) if start or O(N) at end 
# //Above 2 are main advantages vs. arrays esp at start 
# //Searching: O(N)
# //Access: O(N) 
 
# //Recall with array implenetation, insertion and removal is not constant 

# //Lists are linear but trees are nonlinear 
# //Often working with binary trees and specifically binary search trees 
 
# //SL is techically a special case tree 
 
# //Root: top node of tree
# //Child: node directly connected to another node when moving away from root 
# //Parent: converse notion of child 
# //Siblings: group of node with same parent 
# //Leaf: node with no children 
# //Edge: connection betweeen one node and another (often arrows) 
 
# //Used for HTML DOM, network routing, abstract syntax trees, folder organization, AI, best possible move (decision tree)
 
# //We will focus on binary search tree (can only have at most 2 child nodes)
# //For each node, everything to left is smaller. Right >> bigger
 


class Node: 
  def __init__(self, value): 
    self.value = value 
    self.left = None 
    self.right = None 

class BinarySearchTree: 
  def __init__(self): 
    self.root = None 

  #adds number to correct place 
  def insert(self, value): 
    #creates new Node   
    new_node = Node(value) 
    #start at root 
    #if no root exists, root becomes new_node 
    if self.root == None: 
      self.root = new_node 
      return self 
    
    current = self.root 
    
    while True: 
      #to handle special case where value is same as current node 
      #you can return None or you can add a counter property 
      if value == current.value: 
        return None 
      #check to see if value is less than current 
      if value < current.value: 
        #check to see if there is node to left 
        #if not, add new_node to left 
        if current.left == None: 
          current.left = new_node 
          return self
        #if there is node to left, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.left 
      #check to see if value is greater than current 
      else: 
        #check to see if there is node to right 
        #if not, add new_node to right 
        if current.right == None: 
          current.right = new_node 
          return self 
        #if there is node to right, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.right 
  
  #find() returns value while contains() returns boolean 
  #find will point to entire node 
  def find(self, value): 
    #check to see if there is root and if not, we are done! 
    if self.root == None: 
      return False 
    current = self.root 
    found = False 
    
    while current and not found: 
      #if value is less than current 
      if value < current.value: 
        #check to see if there is node to left 
        #if there is, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.left 
        #if not, we ar edone because current will no longer exist 
      #if value is greater than current 
      elif value > current.value: 
        #check to see if there is node to right 
        #if there is, move to that node and repeat 
        current = current.right 
        #if not, we are done because current will no longer exist 
      else: 
        found = True 
    
    if not found:
      return None 
    return current 
    
  def contains(self, value): 
    if self.root == None: 
      return False 
    current = self.root 
    found = False 
    
    while current and not found: 
      if value < current.value: 
        current = current.left 
      elif value > current.value: 
        current = current.right 
      else: 
        return True 
    return False 
          
t = BinarySearchTree()
t.insert(3)
t.insert(5)
t.insert(2)
t.insert(-1)
t.insert(6)
t.find(6) 
t.contains(6)

# // Insertion and Search: O(log N) VERY GOOD 
# // Not guaranteed if BST is a one sided tree (choose a different root) 
 
 
 
# //      10
# //   5     13
# // 2  7  11  16
 
# // tree = BinarySearchTree()
# // tree.insert(10)
# // tree.insert(5)
# // tree.insert(13)
# // tree.insert(11)
# // tree.insert(2)
# // tree.insert(16)
# // tree.insert(7)
# // tree.find(7) >> will point to node with 7  
# // tree.contains(6) >> False 
 
 
 
 
 
# //Primitive way of making Tree before insert() 
# // tree = BinarySearchTree()
# // tree.root = Node(10)
# // tree.root.right = Node(15)
# // tree.root.left = Node(7)
# // tree.root.left.right = Node(9)

import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd


df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [10,20],'b':[100,200],'c': ['a','b']})

df.loc['Column_Total']= df.sum(numeric_only=True, axis=0)
df.loc[:,'Row_Total'] = df.sum(numeric_only=True, axis=1)

print(df)

                 a      b    c  Row_Total
0             10.0  100.0    a      110.0
1             20.0  200.0    b      220.0
Column_Total  30.0  300.0  NaN      330.0

with open(filename, 'wb') as handle:
    pickle.dump(dict2save, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)

df.loc[df['PreferredPaymentMode'] == 'COD', 'PreferredPaymentMode' ] = 'Cash on Delivery'

import json

# need a function to grab info from a json, 
with open('people.json', 'r') as f:
    data= json.load(f)['people']
    
@app.get("/registers")
def get_data():
    return data

def RepresentsInt(s):
    try: 
        int(s)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

>>> print RepresentsInt("+123")
True
>>> print RepresentsInt("10.0")
False

## simple square pattern ##

n = 5
for i in range(n):              ## this plays as a row ##
    for j in range(n):          ## this plays as a column ##
        print("*",end = " " )   ## end showing stars with gap ##
    print()                     ## this print is necessary to write to print for next line ##
    
    
################################################################################################

## simple triangle pattern ##


n = 5
for i in range(n):            ## n is already printing 5 rows ##         
    for j in range(i+1):      ## j is set for i + 1 so that every line will add 1 star bcz of column is set for row + 1 star   
        print("*",end = " " ) ## same ##
    print()                   ## same ## 
    
################################################################################################


n = 5
for i in range(n):              # same bcz of 5 star printing 
    for j in range(i,n):        # in this we have given the range from i means it will go first for 0 to 5 then 1 to 5 ..... 4 to 5 this happens due to  
        print("*",end = " " )   # range given a/c to i and stop it to max 5 . In this way it will go like  first 0 index then columns go for 0 to 5 that 
    print()                     # gradually down to 4 to 5 and print only 1 star in the end



################################################################################################

### now the case is diff , now for this we'll set the space as decreasing triangle and and set the triangle from left side ### 


n = 5
for i in range(n):             
    for j in range(i,n):       ###  (0,5)--(0,1,2,3,4)  ###       
        print(" ",end = " " )  ### till here pretend that it has printed the above star pattern but with space ### 
    for j in range(i+1):    
        print("*",end = " " )  ### from here it prints the star pattern for ###
    print()
    
    

################################################################################################


### HILL pattern ###


n = 5
for i in range(n):
    for j in range(i,n):   ### 01234 ### first 0 to 4 then 1 to 4 then .....3 to 4 ### here it will print space of decreasing triangle ###
        print(" ", end = " ")
    for j in range(i):          ###we take i to print one less column to make edge ### here it will print * star in increasing triangle order with right ###
        print("*" ,end = " ")
    for j in range(i + 1):       ### here it will print * star in increasing order with left ###
        print("*" , end = " ")  
        
    print()



################################################################################################

import torch
torch.cuda.empty_cache()

>>> import os
>>> l = ['/home/username/images/s1/4.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/7.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/6.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/3.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/5.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/10.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/9.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/1.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/2.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/12.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/11.jpg', '/home/username/images/s1/8.jpg']
>>> sorted(l, key=lambda i: int(os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(i))[0]))
['/home/username/images/s1/1.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/2.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/3.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/4.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/5.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/6.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/7.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/8.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/9.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/10.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/11.jpg',
 '/home/username/images/s1/12.jpg']

animals = ["cat", "cat", "dog", "rabbit", "dog", "dog", "horse", "dog"]

#solution 1
def item_indexes(item, sequence):
    indexes = []
    start = 0
    item_count = sequence.count(item)
    for n in range(item_count):
        indexes.append(sequence.index(item, start))
        start = indexes[n]+1
    print(indexes)
    
##solution 2

def item_indexes(item: str, sequence: list):
    indexes = []
    item_count = sequence.count(item)
    for n in range(item_count):
        i = sequence.index(item)
        indexes.append(i + n)
        del sequence[i]
    print(indexes)


item_indexes("dog", animals)

PS> venv\Scripts\Activate.ps1
(venv) PS>

class Tree(object):
    def __init__(self, value, left=None, right=None):
        self.val = value
        self.left = left
        self.right = right 
 
tx = Tree(4, Tree(1, Tree(-2, None, Tree(3, None, None))), Tree(3, Tree(1, None, None), Tree(2, Tree(-4, None, None), Tree(-3, None, None))))


def find_paths(root, required_sum):
    allPaths = []
  
    def find_paths_recursive(currentNode, required_sum, currentPath, allPaths):
      if currentNode is None:
        return
    
      # add the current node to the path
      currentPath.append(currentNode.val)
    
      # if the current node is a leaf and its value is equal to required_sum, save the current path
      if currentNode.val == required_sum and currentNode.left is None and currentNode.right is None:
        allPaths.append(list(currentPath))
      else:
        # traverse the left sub-tree
        find_paths_recursive(currentNode.left, required_sum -
                             currentNode.val, currentPath, allPaths)
        # traverse the right sub-tree
        find_paths_recursive(currentNode.right, required_sum -
                             currentNode.val, currentPath, allPaths)
    
      # remove the current node from the path to backtrack,
      # we need to remove the current node while we are going up the recursive call stack.
      del currentPath[-1]
    
    find_paths_recursive(root, required_sum, [], allPaths)
    
    return allPaths

find_paths(tx, 5)

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.left = left
#         self.right = right
class Solution:
    def isSubtree(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], subRoot: Optional[TreeNode]) -> bool:
        #order of first two conditionals is important 
        if not subRoot: return True 
        if not root: return False 
        if self.sameTree(root, subRoot): return True 
        
        return self.isSubtree(root.left, subRoot) or self.isSubtree(root.right, subRoot)
        
        
    def sameTree(self, s, t): 
        if not s and not t: return True 
        if s and t and s.val == t.val: 
            return self.sameTree(s.left, t.left) and self.sameTree(s.right, t.right) 

        return False 
        
        

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.left = left
#         self.right = right
class Solution:
    def isSameTree(self, p: Optional[TreeNode], q: Optional[TreeNode]) -> bool:
        if not p and not q: return True 
        if not p or not q: return False 
        if p.val != q.val: return False 
        
        return self.isSameTree(p.left, q.left) and self.isSameTree(p.right, q.right)
        

# sed workaround, shamelessly stolen & modified
# from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mahmoudadel2/pysed/master/pysed.py
def replace(oldstr, newstr, infile):
    linelist = []
    with open(infile) as f:
        for item in f:
            newitem = re.sub(oldstr, newstr, item)
            linelist.append(newitem)
    with open(infile, "w") as f:
        f.truncate()
        for line in linelist: f.writelines(line)

class ColorizingStreamHandler(logging.StreamHandler):

    BLACK = '\033[0;30m'
    RED = '\033[0;31m'
    GREEN = '\033[0;32m'
    BROWN = '\033[0;33m'
    BLUE = '\033[0;34m'
    PURPLE = '\033[0;35m'
    CYAN = '\033[0;36m'
    GREY = '\033[0;37m'

    DARK_GREY = '\033[1;30m'
    LIGHT_RED = '\033[1;31m'
    LIGHT_GREEN = '\033[1;32m'
    YELLOW = '\033[1;33m'
    LIGHT_BLUE = '\033[1;34m'
    LIGHT_PURPLE = '\033[1;35m'
    LIGHT_CYAN = '\033[1;36m'
    WHITE = '\033[1;37m'

    RESET = "\033[0m"

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._colors = {logging.DEBUG: self.DARK_GREY,
                        logging.INFO: self.RESET,
                        logging.WARNING: self.BROWN,
                        logging.ERROR: self.RED,
                        logging.CRITICAL: self.LIGHT_RED}
        super(ColorizingStreamHandler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    @property
    def is_tty(self):
        isatty = getattr(self.stream, 'isatty', None)
        return isatty and isatty()

    def emit(self, record):
        try:
            message = self.format(record)
            stream = self.stream
            if not self.is_tty:
                stream.write(message)
            else:
                message = self._colors[record.levelno] + message + self.RESET
                stream.write(message)
            stream.write(getattr(self, 'terminator', '\n'))
            self.flush()
        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
            raise
        except:
            self.handleError(record)

    def setLevelColor(self, logging_level, escaped_ansi_code):
        self._colors[logging_level] = escaped_ansi_code

class ColoredFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    """Special custom formatter for colorizing log messages!"""

    BLACK = '\033[0;30m'
    RED = '\033[0;31m'
    GREEN = '\033[0;32m'
    BROWN = '\033[0;33m'
    BLUE = '\033[0;34m'
    PURPLE = '\033[0;35m'
    CYAN = '\033[0;36m'
    GREY = '\033[0;37m'

    DARK_GREY = '\033[1;30m'
    LIGHT_RED = '\033[1;31m'
    LIGHT_GREEN = '\033[1;32m'
    YELLOW = '\033[1;33m'
    LIGHT_BLUE = '\033[1;34m'
    LIGHT_PURPLE = '\033[1;35m'
    LIGHT_CYAN = '\033[1;36m'
    WHITE = '\033[1;37m'

    RESET = "\033[0m"

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._colors = {logging.DEBUG: self.DARK_GREY,
                        logging.INFO: self.RESET,
                        logging.WARNING: self.BROWN,
                        logging.ERROR: self.RED,
                        logging.CRITICAL: self.LIGHT_RED}
        super(ColoredFormatter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def format(self, record):
        """Applies the color formats"""
        record.msg = self._colors[record.levelno] + record.msg + self.RESET
        return logging.Formatter.format(self, record)

    def setLevelColor(self, logging_level, escaped_ansi_code):
        self._colors[logging_level] = escaped_ansi_code

value(model.objective)

# this setting will be used as a flow variable in KNIME
# note the use of flow_variables being used to refer to the name of the flow variable \
	# similar to a dict key
flow_variables['var_py_value_switch']    = 0

# import pandas library
import pandas as pd
  
# dictionary with list object in values
details = {
    'Name' : ['Ankit', 'Aishwarya', 'Shaurya', 'Shivangi'],
    'Age' : [23, 21, 22, 21],
    'University' : ['BHU', 'JNU', 'DU', 'BHU'],
}
  
# creating a Dataframe object 
df = pd.DataFrame(details)
  
df

# Python3 code to demonstrate 
# conversion of lists to dictionary
# using zip()
  
# initializing lists
test_keys = ["Rash", "Kil", "Varsha"]
test_values = [1, 4, 5]
  
# Printing original keys-value lists
print ("Original key list is : " + str(test_keys))
print ("Original value list is : " + str(test_values))
  
# using zip()
# to convert lists to dictionary
res = dict(zip(test_keys, test_values))
  
# Printing resultant dictionary 
print ("Resultant dictionary is : " +  str(res))

df_1 = pd.read_excel(r"C:\Users\Nilotpal.Choudhury\Udemy Assignment-1\warehouse_city.xlsx")
# note the use of r prior to path reference

# defining constraints
for c in customers:
    model += lpSum([flows.get((w, c)) for w in warehouse]) == 1

model += lpSum([open_w[w] for w in warehouse]) == 3

for w in warehouse:
    for c in customers:
        model += open_w[w] >= flows.get((w,c))

# Python program to illustrate
# Add a new column  in Pandas 
  
# Importing the pandas Library
import pandas as pd
  
# creating a data frame with some data values.
data_frame = pd.DataFrame([[i] for i in range(7)], columns =['data'])
  
print (data_frame)

flows = LpVariable.dicts('flows',keys,cat='Integer') # the number of values are included in the list keys and of type integer
open_w = LpVariable.dicts('open_w',distmatrix.index,cat='Binary') # the number of values are included in the list generated by tolist method and of type binary

X1 = LpVariable('X1', lowBound=0, upBound=None, cat='Integer') 
# create a single variable of type Integer with min value 0 and max value infinity

# Create the new column as a list
new_col = ['Lee Kun-hee', 'Xu Zhijun', 'Tim Cook', 'Tony Chen', 'Shen Wei']

# Assign the list to the DataFrame as a column
df['Current Chairperson'] = new_col
df

# Create the dictionary containing the data of the new column
col_dict = {'Samsung': 'Lee kun-hee', 'Huawei': 'Xu Zhijun',
            'Apple': 'Tim Cook', 'Oppo': 'Tony Chen', 'Vivo': 'Shen Wei'}

# Assign the values of the dictionary as the values of the new column
df['Current chairperson'] = col_dict.values()
df

'''
Please remember that the number of values in the list should equal the numbers of rows in the pandas dataframe
'''

# creating a model for running optimization
model = LpProblem('transportprob', sense=LpMinimize)

# defining the objective function
model += lpSum([demand_dict.get(c) * flows[(w, c)] * dist_dict.get((w, c)) for w in open_w for c in distmatrix.columns])

# defining constraints
for c in customers:
    model += lpSum([flows.get((w, c)) for w in warehouse]) == 1 # note the use of comparison operators for constraints

model += lpSum([open_w[w] for w in warehouse]) == 3

for w in warehouse:
    for c in customers:
        model += open_w[w] >= flows.get((w,c))
        
model.solve() # run the solver for solution

def f(ham: str, eggs: str = 'eggs') -> str:
    print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)
    print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)
    return ham + ' and ' + eggs

import unittest
import socketLogger
import logging
import logging.handlers
import pickle
#import cPickle as pickle

def test_StringReceivedIsSameAsStringSent():
    host = 'localhost'
    port = 9000
    stringSent = "hello world!" 
    stringReceived = None
    log_msg = None

    def sendLogToSocket(host,port, stringSent):
        logger = logging.getLogger('mylogger') # to log Led Observer output over a socket
        sh = logging.handlers.SocketHandler(host,port) # handler to write to socket
        logger.addHandler(sh)
        logger.critical(stringSent) 
        logger.removeHandler(sh)
        sh.close()

    import threading
    t = threading.Thread(target=sendLogToSocket, args=(host,port,stringSent)) # socket requires 2 different ports if on the same machine
    t.start() # send log in a thread

    import socket
    serversocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) #INET => IPv4, STREAM => TCP
    serversocket.bind((host,port)) # 'localhost' => implies only visible within the same machine
    serversocket.listen(1) # accept 1 connection only
    (clientsocket, address) = serversocket.accept()
    chunk = clientsocket.recv(1024)
    print 'socketlistener: data received: ', repr(chunk)
    import struct
    slen = struct.unpack(">L", chunk[:4])[0]
    obj = pickle.loads(chunk[4:])
    print 'un pickling log: ', repr(obj)
    stringReceived = logging.makeLogRecord(obj)
    #log_msg = logging.makeLogRecord(stringReceived)
    print 'socketlistener: converted to log: ', repr(stringReceived)
    clientsocket.close()
    serversocket.close()

    t.join() # wait for the log thread to finish

    print 'string sent: ', repr(stringSent), ' received: ', repr(stringReceived.getMessage())
    assert(stringSent == stringReceived.getMessage())

if __name__ == "__main__":
   test_StringReceivedIsSameAsStringSent()

##making a qr code

# sb se pehle import qrcode and img
# input link
# qrcode shape-- version box_size border
# qr ke andar add kren data link
# make it fit true
# img -- qr.make img(color backcolor)
# img ko save as png --- img.save("test.png")


import qrcode
import image

print("THIS IS A QR CODE GENERATOR")


link_data = input("Paste your link here for the qr code : ")

qr = qrcode.QRCode(
    version=20,
    box_size=20,
    border=10
)
data = link_data

qr.add_data(data)
qr.make(fit=True)
img = qr.make_image(fill = "red",back_color="green")
img.save("QR generator.jpg")

print("Ola mundo")
y = 1
z = 2
x = y + z
print(x)

from pprint import pprint
from configparser import ConfigParser
from powerbi.client import PowerBiClient

# Initialize the Parser.
config = ConfigParser()

# Read the file.
config.read('config/config.ini')

# Get the specified credentials.
client_id = config.get('power_bi_api', 'client_id')
redirect_uri = config.get('power_bi_api', 'redirect_uri')
client_secret = config.get('power_bi_api', 'client_secret')

# Initialize the Client.
power_bi_client = PowerBiClient(
    client_id=client_id,
    client_secret=client_secret,
    scope=['https://analysis.windows.net/powerbi/api/.default'],
    redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
    credentials='config/power_bi_state.jsonc'
)

# Initialize the `Dashboards` service.
dashboard_service = power_bi_client.dashboards()

# Add a dashboard to our Workspace.
dashboard_service.add_dashboard(name='my_new_dashboard')

# Get all the dashboards in our Org.
pprint(dashboard_service.get_dashboards())

pip install pylint
pyreverse -o png <path_to_src>

a = input("Enter your good name : ").upper()
print(f"Hallow {a}")
play = input("Do you want to play this game ? ").lower()
score = 0

if play != "yes":
    quit()
else:
    print(f"Ok then let's get started {a} :)\n")

Question1 = input("Q1 : Who is the father of THOR : \n")
if Question1 == "ODIN".lower():
    print("Correct!")
    print(f"Yes it's {Question1}")
    score += 1
else:
    print("Incorrect! ")
    print(f"NO it's not {Question1}")

Question2 = input("Q2 : Who is the brother of THOR : ")
if Question2 == "loki".lower():
    print("Correct!")
    print(f"Yes it's {Question2}")
    score += 1
else:
    print("Incorrect! ")
    print(f"NO it's not {Question2}")

Question3 = input("Q3 : Who is the sister of THOR : ")
if Question3 == "Hela".lower():
    print("Correct!")
    print(f"Yes it's {Question3}")
    score += 1
else:
    print("Incorrect! ")
    print(f"NO it's not {Question3}")

Question4 = input("Q4: How many hammers do thor have now (write in numbers)? : ")
if Question4 == "2":
    print("Correct!")
    print(f"Yes it's {Question4}")
    score += 1
else:
    print("Incorrect! ")
    print(f"NO it's not {Question4}")

Question5 = input("Q5: Did hela killed thor in ragnarok? : ")
if Question5 == "No".lower():
    print("Correct!")
    print(f"Yes it's {Question5}")
    score += 1
else:
    print("Incorrect! ")
    print(f"NO it's not {Question5}")

print(f"Your total score is {score}")
print("Your score percentage is " + str((score/5) * 100) + "% ")


print("So you are not allowed to enter in the comic world!!!")

import threading
from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
from django.conf import settings

class EmailThread(threading.Thread):

    def __init__(self, email_message):
        self.email_message = email_message
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        print(self.email_message.send())
        
        
        
email_message = EmailMessage(
                "subject",
                "message",
                settings.EMAIL_HOST_USER,
                ["example@mail.com"]
            )
        

EmailThread(email_message).start()

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
import seaborn as sns
cf_matrix = confusion_matrix(train_label, sgdl1_clf_pred)
row_sums = cf_matrix.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)
norm_conf_mx = cf_matrix / row_sums
np.fill_diagonal(norm_conf_mx, 0)
plt.figure(figsize = (50,50))
sns.heatmap(norm_conf_mx, annot=True ,linewidths=.5, cbar=False, cmap="YlGnBu")

import pandas as pd
data_xls = pd.read_excel('excelfile.xlsx', 'Sheet2', dtype=str, index_col=None)
data_xls.to_csv('csvfile.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)

df = df.sample(frac = 1)
df = df.reset_index(drop=True)

df_without_label = df.iloc[: , :-1]
df_without_label = df_without_label.iloc[1:,: ]
some_digit = df_without_label.iloc[0]
some_digit_image = some_digit.values.reshape(32, 32)
plt.imshow(some_digit_image, cmap="gray")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# some fake data
data = np.random.randn(1000)
# evaluate the histogram
values, base = np.histogram(data, bins=40)
#evaluate the cumulative
cumulative = np.cumsum(values)
# plot the cumulative function
plt.plot(base[:-1], cumulative, c='blue')
#plot the survival function
plt.plot(base[:-1], len(data)-cumulative, c='green')

plt.show()

python variaveis.py

#variáveis

nome = "Meu Nome" #Sempre que colocas o valor entre "" significa que a variável é do tipo string
#variável do tipo string é um tipo de variável que usa texto como base

idade = "28" #variável do tipo string

x = 2
y = 5
#Sempre que defines um valor numérico sem "" significa que a variável passa a ser do tipo int
#variáveis do tipo int, só aceitam valores numéricos inteiros, não podendo colocar texto à mistura



#exemplos do que não podes fazer
!var@ = 1 
#não podes, aliás não consegues usar pontuação na definição das variáveis

total = x + idade 
#não podes juntar diferentes tipos de variáveis numa só
#ou seja não consegues somar a idade "28" que está no formato string, com uma do formato int
#que é específicamente um número, é como se aquele 28 fosse escrito assim "vinte e oito"





#resultados retornados
print(x+y) #vai retornar na tela o valor 7

python olamundo.py

print("Olá Mundo") #o comando print, exibe qualquer coisa na tela.

exec(open("G:/AREA DE DATOS/Proyectos/Directorio/Fuentes_Informacion/Obtener_InfoDirectorio.py").read())

import calendar

alendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]

1.  abc				- This tiny module delivers the environment you need for creating abstract base classes
2.  argparse		- This module contains tools that make it easier to create user-friendly interfaces from the level of the command line
3.  asyncio			- This is a very large module that delivers the framework and environment for asynchronous programming
4.  base64			- This well-known module delivers a tool for coding and decoding binary code into a format that can be displayed – and 
					  the other way round
5.  collections		- This module offers specialized container data types that work as an alternative to basic contained types for general
					  purposes such as dict, list, set, and tuple.
6.  copy			- Everyone uses this tiny module that contains tools for deep copying of container type data. Its most famous function is `deepcopy` – if not for this function, copying lists and dictionaries would become a torture for developers.
7.  csv				- Delivers functionalities for exporting and importing tabular data in CSV format. The module allows developers to say “load data” or “save data” from to a CSV file.
8.  datetime		- It delivers tools that make it easier to work with dates and times
9.  decimal 		- The module delivers a data type called Decimal. Its main advantage is correct rounding of decimal numbers which is extremely important in billing systems– even
					  a slight distortion with several hundred thousand operations can change the final result significantly
10. functools		- The functools module comes in handy for higher-order functions, ie. the functions that act on or return other functions. You can treat any callable 
					  object as a function for the purposes of this module.
11. hashlib			- his handy module implements a common interface to numerous secure hash and message digest algorithms like the FIPS 
					  secure hash algorithms SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512
12. http			- his package collects several modules for working with the HyperText Transfer Protocol 
13. importlib 		- The package provides the implementation of the import statement (and the __import__() function) in Python source code
14. itertools		- This useful module implements iterator building blocks inspired by constructs 
					  from APL, Haskell, and SML (all in a form that matches Python programs)
15. inspect 		- The module offers several useful functions that help developers get information about live objects such as 
					  modules, classes, methods, functions, tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects in Python code
16. json			- Helps to work with json data
17. logging			- This module defines functions and classes that provide a flexible event logging system for applications and libraries
18. math			- This module gives developers access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard
19. multiprocessing	- This handy package supports spawning processes with the help of an API similar to the threading module
20. os				- Offers a portable method of using operating system dependent functionality.
21. pdb				- This module defines an interactive source code debugger
22. random			- pseudo-random number generators for various distributions
23. re				- Provides regular expression matching operations similar to those you get in Perl
24. shutil			- Provides a number of high-level operations on files and collections of files, especially functions that 
					  support file copying and removal
25. sys				- offers access to variables used or maintained by the interpreter and functions that interact strongly 
					  with the interpreter
26. threading		- This useful module builds higher-level threading interfaces on top of the lower level _thread module
27. types			- It defines names for object types used by the standard Python interpreter but not exposed as builtins
28. unittest		- Works similarly to major unit testing frameworks in other programming languages
29. urllib			- This handy package collects several modules for working with URLs
30. uuid			- The module provides immutable UUID objects, as well as the following functions for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5 UUIDs

from shapely.geometry import Point
import geopandas as gpd
from geopandas import GeoDataFrame

df = pd.read_csv("Long_Lats.csv", delimiter=',', skiprows=0, low_memory=False)

geometry = [Point(xy) for xy in zip(df['Longitude'], df['Latitude'])]
gdf = GeoDataFrame(df, geometry=geometry)   

#this is a simple map that goes with geopandas
world = gpd.read_file(gpd.datasets.get_path('naturalearth_lowres'))
gdf.plot(ax=world.plot(figsize=(10, 6)), marker='o', color='red', markersize=15);

# Imports
import time
import json

import numpy as np
import tokens_bert as tokens

from openvino.runtime import Core
from openvino.runtime import Dimension

# Download the model
# directory where model will be downloaded
base_model_dir = "model"

# desired precision
precision = "FP16-INT8"

# model name as named in Open Model Zoo
model_name = "bert-small-uncased-whole-word-masking-squad-int8-0002"

model_path = f"model/intel/{model_name}/{precision}/{model_name}.xml"
model_weights_path = f"model/intel/{model_name}/{precision}/{model_name}.bin"

download_command = f"omz_downloader " \
                   f"--name {model_name} " \
                   f"--precision {precision} " \
                   f"--output_dir {base_model_dir} " \
                   f"--cache_dir {base_model_dir}"
! $download_command

# Load the model for Entity Extraction with Dynamic Shape
# initialize inference engine
ie_core = Core()
# read the network and corresponding weights from file
model = ie_core.read_model(model=model_path, weights=model_weights_path)

# assign dynamic shapes to every input layer on the last dimension
for input_layer in model.inputs:
    input_shape = input_layer.partial_shape
    input_shape[1] = Dimension(1, 384)
    model.reshape({input_layer: input_shape})

# compile the model for the CPU
compiled_model = ie_core.compile_model(model=model, device_name="CPU")

# get input names of nodes
input_keys = list(compiled_model.inputs)

# Processing
# path to vocabulary file
vocab_file_path = "data/vocab.txt"

# create dictionary with words and their indices
vocab = tokens.load_vocab_file(vocab_file_path)

# define special tokens
cls_token = vocab["[CLS]"]
sep_token = vocab["[SEP]"]

# set a confidence score threshold
confidence_threshold = 0.4

# Preprocessing
# generator of a sequence of inputs
def prepare_input(entity_tokens, context_tokens):
    input_ids = [cls_token] + entity_tokens + [sep_token] + \
        context_tokens + [sep_token]
    # 1 for any index
    attention_mask = [1] * len(input_ids)
    # 0 for entity tokens, 1 for context part
    token_type_ids = [0] * (len(entity_tokens) + 2) + \
        [1] * (len(context_tokens) + 1)

    # create input to feed the model
    input_dict = {
        "input_ids": np.array([input_ids], dtype=np.int32),
        "attention_mask": np.array([attention_mask], dtype=np.int32),
        "token_type_ids": np.array([token_type_ids], dtype=np.int32),
    }

    # some models require additional position_ids
    if "position_ids" in [i_key.any_name for i_key in input_keys]:
        position_ids = np.arange(len(input_ids))
        input_dict["position_ids"] = np.array([position_ids], dtype=np.int32)

    return input_dict

# Postprocessing
def postprocess(output_start, output_end, entity_tokens,
                context_tokens_start_end, input_size):

    def get_score(logits):
        out = np.exp(logits)
        return out / out.sum(axis=-1)

    # get start-end scores for context
    score_start = get_score(output_start)
    score_end = get_score(output_end)

    # index of first context token in tensor
    context_start_idx = len(entity_tokens) + 2
    # index of last+1 context token in tensor
    context_end_idx = input_size - 1

    # find product of all start-end combinations to find the best one
    max_score, max_start, max_end = find_best_entity_window(
        start_score=score_start, end_score=score_end,
        context_start_idx=context_start_idx, context_end_idx=context_end_idx
    )

    # convert to context text start-end index
    max_start = context_tokens_start_end[max_start][0]
    max_end = context_tokens_start_end[max_end][1]

    return max_score, max_start, max_end


def find_best_entity_window(start_score, end_score,
                            context_start_idx, context_end_idx):
    context_len = context_end_idx - context_start_idx
    score_mat = np.matmul(
        start_score[context_start_idx:context_end_idx].reshape(
            (context_len, 1)),
        end_score[context_start_idx:context_end_idx].reshape(
            (1, context_len)),
    )
    # reset candidates with end before start
    score_mat = np.triu(score_mat)
    # reset long candidates (>16 words)
    score_mat = np.tril(score_mat, 16)
    # find the best start-end pair
    max_s, max_e = divmod(score_mat.flatten().argmax(), score_mat.shape[1])
    max_score = score_mat[max_s, max_e]

    return max_score, max_s, max_e

def get_best_entity(entity, context, vocab):
    # convert context string to tokens
    context_tokens, context_tokens_end = tokens.text_to_tokens(
        text=context.lower(), vocab=vocab)
    # convert entity string to tokens
    entity_tokens, _ = tokens.text_to_tokens(text=entity.lower(), vocab=vocab)

    network_input = prepare_input(entity_tokens, context_tokens)
    input_size = len(context_tokens) + len(entity_tokens) + 3

    # openvino inference
    output_start_key = compiled_model.output("output_s")
    output_end_key = compiled_model.output("output_e")
    result = compiled_model(network_input)

    # postprocess the result getting the score and context range for the answer
    score_start_end = postprocess(output_start=result[output_start_key][0],
                                  output_end=result[output_end_key][0],
                                  entity_tokens=entity_tokens,
                                  context_tokens_start_end=context_tokens_end,
                                  input_size=input_size)

    # return the part of the context, which is already an answer
    return context[score_start_end[1]:score_start_end[2]], score_start_end[0]

# Set the Entity Recognition Template
template = ["building", "company", "persons", "city",
            "state", "height", "floor", "address"]

def run_analyze_entities(context):
    print(f"Context: {context}\n", flush=True)

    if len(context) == 0:
        print("Error: Empty context or outside paragraphs")
        return

    if len(context) > 380:
        print("Error: The context is too long for this particular model. "
              "Try with context shorter than 380 words.")
        return

    # measure processing time
    start_time = time.perf_counter()
    extract = []
    for field in template:
        entity_to_find = field + "?"
        entity, score = get_best_entity(entity=entity_to_find,
                                        context=context,
                                        vocab=vocab)
        if score >= confidence_threshold:
            extract.append({"Entity": entity, "Type": field,
                            "Score": f"{score:.2f}"})
    end_time = time.perf_counter()
    res = {"Extraction": extract, "Time": f"{end_time - start_time:.2f}s"}
    print("\nJSON Output:")
    print(json.dumps(res, sort_keys=False, indent=4))

# Run on Simple Text
# Sample 1
source_text = "Intel Corporation is an American multinational and technology" \
    " company headquartered in Santa Clara, California."
run_analyze_entities(source_text)

# Sample 2
source_text = "Intel was founded in Mountain View, California, " \
    "in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, " \
    "a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit."
run_analyze_entities(source_text)

# Sample 3
source_text = "The Robert Noyce Building in Santa Clara, California, " \
    "is the headquarters for Intel Corporation. It was constructed in 1992 " \
    "and is located at 2200 Mission College Boulevard - 95054. It has an " \
    "estimated height of 22.20 meters and 6 floors above ground."
run_analyze_entities(source_text)

# Import TensorFlow and Other Libraries
import os
import sys
from pathlib import Path

import PIL
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from PIL import Image
from openvino.runtime import Core
from openvino.tools.mo import mo_tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential

sys.path.append("../utils")
from notebook_utils import download_file

# Download and Explore the Dataset
import pathlib
dataset_url = "https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz"
data_dir = tf.keras.utils.get_file('flower_photos', origin=dataset_url, untar=True)
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)

image_count = len(list(data_dir.glob('*/*.jpg')))
print(image_count)

roses = list(data_dir.glob('roses/*'))
PIL.Image.open(str(roses[0]))
PIL.Image.open(str(roses[1]))

tulips = list(data_dir.glob('tulips/*'))
PIL.Image.open(str(tulips[0]))
PIL.Image.open(str(tulips[1]))

# Create a Dataset
batch_size = 32
img_height = 180
img_width = 180

train_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
  data_dir,
  validation_split=0.2,
  subset="training",
  seed=123,
  image_size=(img_height, img_width),
  batch_size=batch_size)

val_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
  data_dir,
  validation_split=0.2,
  subset="validation",
  seed=123,
  image_size=(img_height, img_width),
  batch_size=batch_size)

class_names = train_ds.class_names
print(class_names)

# Visualize the Data
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
for images, labels in train_ds.take(1):
    for i in range(9):
        ax = plt.subplot(3, 3, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(images[i].numpy().astype("uint8"))
        plt.title(class_names[labels[i]])
        plt.axis("off")

for image_batch, labels_batch in train_ds:
    print(image_batch.shape)
    print(labels_batch.shape)
    break

# Configure the Dataset for Performance
# AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
AUTOTUNE = tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE
train_ds = train_ds.cache().shuffle(1000).prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)

# Standardize the Data
normalization_layer = layers.experimental.preprocessing.Rescaling(1./255)

normalized_ds = train_ds.map(lambda x, y: (normalization_layer(x), y))
image_batch, labels_batch = next(iter(normalized_ds))
first_image = image_batch[0]
# Notice the pixels values are now in `[0,1]`.
print(np.min(first_image), np.max(first_image)) 

# Create the Model
num_classes = 5

model = Sequential([
  layers.experimental.preprocessing.Rescaling(1./255, input_shape=(img_height, img_width, 3)),
  layers.Conv2D(16, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
  layers.MaxPooling2D(),
  layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
  layers.MaxPooling2D(),
  layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
  layers.MaxPooling2D(),
  layers.Flatten(),
  layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
  layers.Dense(num_classes)
])

# Compile the Model
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
              metrics=['accuracy'])

# Preparation
from pathlib import Path

import tensorflow as tf

model_xml = Path("model/flower/flower_ir.xml")
dataset_url = (
    "https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz"
)
data_dir = Path(tf.keras.utils.get_file("flower_photos", origin=dataset_url, untar=True))

if not model_xml.exists():
    print("Executing training notebook. This will take a while...")
    %run 301-tensorflow-training-openvino.ipynb

# Imports
import copy
import os
import sys

import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from addict import Dict
from openvino.tools.pot.api import Metric, DataLoader
from openvino.tools.pot.graph import load_model, save_model
from openvino.tools.pot.graph.model_utils import compress_model_weights
from openvino.tools.pot.engines.ie_engine import IEEngine
from openvino.tools.pot.pipeline.initializer import create_pipeline
from openvino.runtime import Core
from PIL import Image

sys.path.append("../utils")
from notebook_utils import benchmark_model, download_file

# Settings
model_config = Dict(
    {
        "model_name": "flower",
        "model": "model/flower/flower_ir.xml",
        "weights": "model/flower/flower_ir.bin",
    }
)

engine_config = Dict({"device": "CPU", "stat_requests_number": 2, "eval_requests_number": 2})

algorithms = [
    {
        "name": "DefaultQuantization",
        "params": {
            "target_device": "CPU",
            "preset": "performance",
            "stat_subset_size": 1000,
        },
    }
]

# Create DataLoader Class
class ClassificationDataLoader(DataLoader):
    """
    DataLoader for image data that is stored in a directory per category. For example, for
    categories _rose_ and _daisy_, rose images are expected in data_source/rose, daisy images
    in data_source/daisy.
    """

    def __init__(self, data_source):
        """
        :param data_source: path to data directory
        """
        self.data_source = Path(data_source)
        self.dataset = [p for p in data_dir.glob("**/*") if p.suffix in (".png", ".jpg")]
        self.class_names = sorted([item.name for item in Path(data_dir).iterdir() if item.is_dir()])

    def __len__(self):
        """
        Returns the number of elements in the dataset
        """
        return len(self.dataset)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        """
        Get item from self.dataset at the specified index.
        Returns (annotation, image), where annotation is a tuple (index, class_index)
        and image a preprocessed image in network shape
        """
        if index >= len(self):
            raise IndexError
        filepath = self.dataset[index]
        annotation = (index, self.class_names.index(filepath.parent.name))
        image = self._read_image(filepath)
        return annotation, image

    def _read_image(self, index):
        """
        Read image at dataset[index] to memory, resize, convert to BGR and to network shape

        :param index: dataset index to read
        :return ndarray representation of image batch
        """
        image = cv2.imread(os.path.join(self.data_source, index))[:, :, (2, 1, 0)]
        image = cv2.resize(image, (180, 180)).astype(np.float32)
        return image

# Create Accuracy Metric Class
class Accuracy(Metric):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self._name = "accuracy"
        self._matches = []

    @property
    def value(self):
        """Returns accuracy metric value for the last model output."""
        return {self._name: self._matches[-1]}

    @property
    def avg_value(self):
        """
        Returns accuracy metric value for all model outputs. Results per image are stored in
        self._matches, where True means a correct prediction and False a wrong prediction.
        Accuracy is computed as the number of correct predictions divided by the total
        number of predictions.
        """
        num_correct = np.count_nonzero(self._matches)
        return {self._name: num_correct / len(self._matches)}

    def update(self, output, target):
        """Updates prediction matches.

        :param output: model output
        :param target: annotations
        """
        predict = np.argmax(output[0], axis=1)
        match = predict == target
        self._matches.append(match)

    def reset(self):
        """
        Resets the Accuracy metric. This is a required method that should initialize all
        attributes to their initial value.
        """
        self._matches = []

    def get_attributes(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary of metric attributes {metric_name: {attribute_name: value}}.
        Required attributes: 'direction': 'higher-better' or 'higher-worse'
                             'type': metric type
        """
        return {self._name: {"direction": "higher-better", "type": "accuracy"}}

# POT Optimization
# Step 1: Load the model
model = load_model(model_config=model_config)
original_model = copy.deepcopy(model)

# Step 2: Initialize the data loader
data_loader = ClassificationDataLoader(data_source=data_dir)

# Step 3 (Optional. Required for AccuracyAwareQuantization): Initialize the metric
#        Compute metric results on original model
metric = Accuracy()

# Step 4: Initialize the engine for metric calculation and statistics collection
engine = IEEngine(config=engine_config, data_loader=data_loader, metric=metric)

# Step 5: Create a pipeline of compression algorithms
pipeline = create_pipeline(algo_config=algorithms, engine=engine)

# Step 6: Execute the pipeline
compressed_model = pipeline.run(model=model)

# Step 7 (Optional): Compress model weights quantized precision
#                    in order to reduce the size of final .bin file
compress_model_weights(model=compressed_model)

# Step 8: Save the compressed model and get the path to the model
compressed_model_paths = save_model(
    model=compressed_model, save_path=os.path.join(os.path.curdir, "model/optimized")
)
compressed_model_xml = Path(compressed_model_paths[0]["model"])
print(f"The quantized model is stored in {compressed_model_xml}")

# Step 9 (Optional): Evaluate the original and compressed model. Print the results
original_metric_results = pipeline.evaluate(original_model)
if original_metric_results:
    print(f"Accuracy of the original model:  {next(iter(original_metric_results.values())):.5f}")

quantized_metric_results = pipeline.evaluate(compressed_model)
if quantized_metric_results:
    print(f"Accuracy of the quantized model: {next(iter(quantized_metric_results.values())):.5f}")

# Run Inference on Quantized Model
def pre_process_image(imagePath, img_height=180):
    # Model input format
    n, c, h, w = [1, 3, img_height, img_height]
    image = Image.open(imagePath)
    image = image.resize((h, w), resample=Image.BILINEAR)

    # Convert to array and change data layout from HWC to CHW
    image = np.array(image)

    input_image = image.reshape((n, h, w, c))

    return input_image

# Load the optimized model and get the names of the input and output layer
ie = Core()
model_pot = ie.read_model(model="model/optimized/flower_ir.xml")
compiled_model_pot = ie.compile_model(model=model_pot, device_name="CPU")
input_layer = compiled_model_pot.input(0)
output_layer = compiled_model_pot.output(0)

# Get the class names: a list of directory names in alphabetical order
class_names = sorted([item.name for item in Path(data_dir).iterdir() if item.is_dir()])

# Run inference on an input image...
inp_img_url = (
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/A_Close_Up_Photo_of_a_Dandelion.jpg"
)
directory = "output"
inp_file_name = "A_Close_Up_Photo_of_a_Dandelion.jpg"
file_path = Path(directory)/Path(inp_file_name)
# Download the image if it does not exist yet
if not Path(inp_file_name).exists():
    download_file(inp_img_url, inp_file_name, directory=directory)

# Pre-process the image and get it ready for inference.
input_image = pre_process_image(imagePath=file_path)
print(f'input image shape: {input_image.shape}')
print(f'input layer shape: {input_layer.shape}')

res = compiled_model_pot([input_image])[output_layer]

score = tf.nn.softmax(res[0])

# Show the results
image = Image.open(file_path)
plt.imshow(image)
print(
    "This image most likely belongs to {} with a {:.2f} percent confidence.".format(
        class_names[np.argmax(score)], 100 * np.max(score)
    )
)

# Compare Inference Speed
# print the available devices on this system
ie = Core()
print("Device information:")
print(ie.get_property("CPU", "FULL_DEVICE_NAME"))
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    print(ie.get_property("GPU", "FULL_DEVICE_NAME"))

# Original model - CPU
benchmark_model(model_path=model_xml, device="CPU", seconds=15, api='async')

# Quantized model - CPU
benchmark_model(model_path=compressed_model_xml, device="CPU", seconds=15, api='async')

# Original model - MULTI:CPU,GPU
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    benchmark_model(model_path=model_xml, device="MULTI:CPU,GPU", seconds=15, api='async')
else:
    print("A supported integrated GPU is not available on this system.")

# Quantized model - MULTI:CPU,GPU
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    benchmark_model(model_path=compressed_model_xml, device="MULTI:CPU,GPU", seconds=15, api='async')
else:
    print("A supported integrated GPU is not available on this system.")

# print the available devices on this system
print("Device information:")
print(ie.get_property("CPU", "FULL_DEVICE_NAME"))
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    print(ie.get_property("GPU", "FULL_DEVICE_NAME"))

# Original IR model - CPU
benchmark_output = %sx benchmark_app -m $model_xml -t 15 -api async
# Remove logging info from benchmark_app output and show only the results
benchmark_result = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line=="")]
print("\n".join(benchmark_result))

# Quantized IR model - CPU
benchmark_output = %sx benchmark_app -m $compressed_model_xml -t 15 -api async
# Remove logging info from benchmark_app output and show only the results
benchmark_result = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line=="")]
print("\n".join(benchmark_result))

# Original IR model - MULTI:CPU,GPU
ie = Core()
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    benchmark_output = %sx benchmark_app -m $model_xml -d MULTI:CPU,GPU -t 15 -api async
    # Remove logging info from benchmark_app output and show only the results
    benchmark_result = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line=="")]
    print("\n".join(benchmark_result))
else:
    print("An integrated GPU is not available on this system.")

# Quantized IR model - MULTI:CPU,GPU
ie = Core()
if "GPU" in ie.available_devices:
    benchmark_output = %sx benchmark_app -m $compressed_model_xml -d MULTI:CPU,GPU -t 15 -api async
    # Remove logging info from benchmark_app output and show only the results
    benchmark_result = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line=="")]
    print("\n".join(benchmark_result))
else:
    print("An integrated GPU is not available on this system.")

# Imports and Settings
# On Windows, add the directory that contains cl.exe to the PATH to enable PyTorch to find the
# required C++ tools. This code assumes that Visual Studio 2019 is installed in the default
# directory. If you have a different C++ compiler, please add the correct path to os.environ["PATH"]
# directly. Note that the C++ Redistributable is not enough to run this notebook.

# Adding the path to os.environ["LIB"] is not always required - it depends on the system's configuration

import sys

if sys.platform == "win32":
    import distutils.command.build_ext
    import os
    from pathlib import Path

    VS_INSTALL_DIR = r"C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio"
    cl_paths = sorted(list(Path(VS_INSTALL_DIR).glob("**/Hostx86/x64/cl.exe")))
    if len(cl_paths) == 0:
        raise ValueError(
            "Cannot find Visual Studio. This notebook requires a C++ compiler. If you installed "
            "a C++ compiler, please add the directory that contains cl.exe to `os.environ['PATH']`."
        )
    else:
        # If multiple versions of MSVC are installed, get the most recent version
        cl_path = cl_paths[-1]
        vs_dir = str(cl_path.parent)
        os.environ["PATH"] += f"{os.pathsep}{vs_dir}"
        # Code for finding the library dirs from
        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47423246/get-pythons-lib-path
        d = distutils.core.Distribution()
        b = distutils.command.build_ext.build_ext(d)
        b.finalize_options()
        os.environ["LIB"] = os.pathsep.join(b.library_dirs)
        print(f"Added {vs_dir} to PATH")

import sys
import time
import warnings  # to disable warnings on export to ONNX
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
import logging

import torch
import nncf  # Important - should be imported directly after torch

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.parallel
import torch.optim
import torch.utils.data
import torch.utils.data.distributed
import torchvision.datasets as datasets
import torchvision.models as models
import torchvision.transforms as transforms

from nncf.common.utils.logger import set_log_level
set_log_level(logging.ERROR)  # Disables all NNCF info and warning messages
from nncf import NNCFConfig
from nncf.torch import create_compressed_model, register_default_init_args
from openvino.runtime import Core
from torch.jit import TracerWarning

sys.path.append("../utils")
from notebook_utils import download_file

torch.manual_seed(0)
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"Using {device} device")

MODEL_DIR = Path("model")
OUTPUT_DIR = Path("output")
DATA_DIR = Path("data")
BASE_MODEL_NAME = "resnet18"
image_size = 64

OUTPUT_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
MODEL_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
DATA_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

# Paths where PyTorch, ONNX and OpenVINO IR models will be stored
fp32_pth_path = Path(MODEL_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_fp32")).with_suffix(".pth")
fp32_onnx_path = Path(OUTPUT_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_fp32")).with_suffix(".onnx")
fp32_ir_path = fp32_onnx_path.with_suffix(".xml")
int8_onnx_path = Path(OUTPUT_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_int8")).with_suffix(".onnx")
int8_ir_path = int8_onnx_path.with_suffix(".xml")

# It's possible to train FP32 model from scratch, but it might be slow. So the pre-trained weights are downloaded by default.
pretrained_on_tiny_imagenet = True
fp32_pth_url = "https://storage.openvinotoolkit.org/repositories/nncf/openvino_notebook_ckpts/302_resnet18_fp32_v1.pth"
download_file(fp32_pth_url, directory=MODEL_DIR, filename=fp32_pth_path.name)

# Download Tiny ImageNet dataset
def download_tiny_imagenet_200(
    data_dir: Path,
    url="http://cs231n.stanford.edu/tiny-imagenet-200.zip",
    tarname="tiny-imagenet-200.zip",
):
    archive_path = data_dir / tarname
    download_file(url, directory=data_dir, filename=tarname)
    zip_ref = zipfile.ZipFile(archive_path, "r")
    zip_ref.extractall(path=data_dir)
    zip_ref.close()

def prepare_tiny_imagenet_200(dataset_dir: Path):
    # format validation set the same way as train set is formatted
    val_data_dir = dataset_dir / 'val'
    val_annotations_file = val_data_dir / 'val_annotations.txt'
    with open(val_annotations_file, 'r') as f:
        val_annotation_data = map(lambda line: line.split('\t')[:2], f.readlines())
    val_images_dir = val_data_dir / 'images'
    for image_filename, image_label in val_annotation_data:
        from_image_filepath = val_images_dir / image_filename
        to_image_dir = val_data_dir / image_label
        if not to_image_dir.exists():
            to_image_dir.mkdir()
        to_image_filepath = to_image_dir / image_filename
        from_image_filepath.rename(to_image_filepath)
    val_annotations_file.unlink()
    val_images_dir.rmdir()
    

DATASET_DIR = DATA_DIR / "tiny-imagenet-200"
if not DATASET_DIR.exists():
    download_tiny_imagenet_200(DATA_DIR)
    prepare_tiny_imagenet_200(DATASET_DIR)
    print(f"Successfully downloaded and prepared dataset at: {DATASET_DIR}")

# Pre-train Floating-Point Model
# Train Function
def train(train_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, epoch):
    batch_time = AverageMeter("Time", ":3.3f")
    losses = AverageMeter("Loss", ":2.3f")
    top1 = AverageMeter("Acc@1", ":2.2f")
    top5 = AverageMeter("Acc@5", ":2.2f")
    progress = ProgressMeter(
        len(train_loader), [batch_time, losses, top1, top5], prefix="Epoch:[{}]".format(epoch)
    )

    # switch to train mode
    model.train()

    end = time.time()
    for i, (images, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        images = images.to(device)
        target = target.to(device)

        # compute output
        output = model(images)
        loss = criterion(output, target)

        # measure accuracy and record loss
        acc1, acc5 = accuracy(output, target, topk=(1, 5))
        losses.update(loss.item(), images.size(0))
        top1.update(acc1[0], images.size(0))
        top5.update(acc5[0], images.size(0))

        # compute gradient and do opt step
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        # measure elapsed time
        batch_time.update(time.time() - end)
        end = time.time()

        print_frequency = 50
        if i % print_frequency == 0:
            progress.display(i)

# Validate Function
def validate(val_loader, model, criterion):
    batch_time = AverageMeter("Time", ":3.3f")
    losses = AverageMeter("Loss", ":2.3f")
    top1 = AverageMeter("Acc@1", ":2.2f")
    top5 = AverageMeter("Acc@5", ":2.2f")
    progress = ProgressMeter(len(val_loader), [batch_time, losses, top1, top5], prefix="Test: ")

    # switch to evaluate mode
    model.eval()

    with torch.no_grad():
        end = time.time()
        for i, (images, target) in enumerate(val_loader):
            images = images.to(device)
            target = target.to(device)

            # compute output
            output = model(images)
            loss = criterion(output, target)

            # measure accuracy and record loss
            acc1, acc5 = accuracy(output, target, topk=(1, 5))
            losses.update(loss.item(), images.size(0))
            top1.update(acc1[0], images.size(0))
            top5.update(acc5[0], images.size(0))

            # measure elapsed time
            batch_time.update(time.time() - end)
            end = time.time()

            print_frequency = 10
            if i % print_frequency == 0:
                progress.display(i)

        print(" * Acc@1 {top1.avg:.3f} Acc@5 {top5.avg:.3f}".format(top1=top1, top5=top5))
    return top1.avg

# Helpers
class AverageMeter(object):
    """Computes and stores the average and current value"""

    def __init__(self, name, fmt=":f"):
        self.name = name
        self.fmt = fmt
        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        self.val = 0
        self.avg = 0
        self.sum = 0
        self.count = 0

    def update(self, val, n=1):
        self.val = val
        self.sum += val * n
        self.count += n
        self.avg = self.sum / self.count

    def __str__(self):
        fmtstr = "{name} {val" + self.fmt + "} ({avg" + self.fmt + "})"
        return fmtstr.format(**self.__dict__)


class ProgressMeter(object):
    def __init__(self, num_batches, meters, prefix=""):
        self.batch_fmtstr = self._get_batch_fmtstr(num_batches)
        self.meters = meters
        self.prefix = prefix

    def display(self, batch):
        entries = [self.prefix + self.batch_fmtstr.format(batch)]
        entries += [str(meter) for meter in self.meters]
        print("\t".join(entries))

    def _get_batch_fmtstr(self, num_batches):
        num_digits = len(str(num_batches // 1))
        fmt = "{:" + str(num_digits) + "d}"
        return "[" + fmt + "/" + fmt.format(num_batches) + "]"


def accuracy(output, target, topk=(1,)):
    """Computes the accuracy over the k top predictions for the specified values of k"""
    with torch.no_grad():
        maxk = max(topk)
        batch_size = target.size(0)

        _, pred = output.topk(maxk, 1, True, True)
        pred = pred.t()
        correct = pred.eq(target.view(1, -1).expand_as(pred))

        res = []
        for k in topk:
            correct_k = correct[:k].reshape(-1).float().sum(0, keepdim=True)
            res.append(correct_k.mul_(100.0 / batch_size))
        return res

# Get a Pre-trained FP32 Model
num_classes = 200  # 200 is for Tiny ImageNet, default is 1000 for ImageNet
init_lr = 1e-4
batch_size = 128
epochs = 4

model = models.resnet18(pretrained=not pretrained_on_tiny_imagenet)
# update the last FC layer for Tiny ImageNet number of classes
model.fc = nn.Linear(in_features=512, out_features=num_classes, bias=True)
model.to(device)

# Data loading code
train_dir = DATASET_DIR / "train"
val_dir = DATASET_DIR / "val"
normalize = transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])

train_dataset = datasets.ImageFolder(
    train_dir,
    transforms.Compose(
        [
            transforms.Resize(image_size),
            transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
            transforms.ToTensor(),
            normalize,
        ]
    ),
)
val_dataset = datasets.ImageFolder(
    val_dir,
    transforms.Compose(
        [
            transforms.Resize(image_size),
            transforms.ToTensor(),
            normalize,
        ]
    ),
)

train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=4, pin_memory=True, sampler=None
)

val_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    val_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=4, pin_memory=True
)

# define loss function (criterion) and optimizer
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss().to(device)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=init_lr)

if pretrained_on_tiny_imagenet:
    #
    # ** WARNING: torch.load functionality uses Python's pickling module that
    # may be used to perform arbitrary code execution during unpickling. Only load data that you
    # trust.
    #
    checkpoint = torch.load(str(fp32_pth_path), map_location="cpu")
    model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["state_dict"], strict=True)
    acc1_fp32 = checkpoint["acc1"]
else:
    best_acc1 = 0
    # Training loop
    for epoch in range(0, epochs):
        # run a single training epoch
        train(train_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, epoch)

        # evaluate on validation set
        acc1 = validate(val_loader, model, criterion)

        is_best = acc1 > best_acc1
        best_acc1 = max(acc1, best_acc1)

        if is_best:
            checkpoint = {"state_dict": model.state_dict(), "acc1": acc1}
            torch.save(checkpoint, fp32_pth_path)
    acc1_fp32 = best_acc1
    
print(f"Accuracy of FP32 model: {acc1_fp32:.3f}")

dummy_input = torch.randn(1, 3, image_size, image_size).to(device)

torch.onnx.export(model, dummy_input, fp32_onnx_path)
print(f"FP32 ONNX model was exported to {fp32_onnx_path}.")

# Create and Initialize Quantization
nncf_config_dict = {
    "input_info": {"sample_size": [1, 3, image_size, image_size]},
    "log_dir": str(OUTPUT_DIR),  # log directory for NNCF-specific logging outputs
    "compression": {
        "algorithm": "quantization",  # specify the algorithm here
    },
}
nncf_config = NNCFConfig.from_dict(nncf_config_dict)

nncf_config = register_default_init_args(nncf_config, train_loader)
compression_ctrl, model = create_compressed_model(model, nncf_config)
acc1 = validate(val_loader, model, criterion)
print(f"Accuracy of initialized INT8 model: {acc1:.3f}")

# Fine-tune the Compressed Model
compression_lr = init_lr / 10
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=compression_lr)

# train for one epoch with NNCF
train(train_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, epoch=0)

# evaluate on validation set after Quantization-Aware Training (QAT case)
acc1_int8 = validate(val_loader, model, criterion)

print(f"Accuracy of tuned INT8 model: {acc1_int8:.3f}")
print(f"Accuracy drop of tuned INT8 model over pre-trained FP32 model: {acc1_fp32 - acc1_int8:.3f}")

# Export INT8 Model to ONNX
if not int8_onnx_path.exists():
    warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=TracerWarning)
    warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=UserWarning)
    # Export INT8 model to ONNX that is supported by the OpenVINO™ toolkit
    compression_ctrl.export_model(int8_onnx_path)
    print(f"INT8 ONNX model exported to {int8_onnx_path}.")

# Convert ONNX models to OpenVINO Intermediate Representation (IR)
if not fp32_ir_path.exists():
    !mo --input_model $fp32_onnx_path --input_shape "[1,3, $image_size, $image_size]" --mean_values "[123.675, 116.28 , 103.53]" --scale_values "[58.395, 57.12 , 57.375]" --data_type FP16 --output_dir $OUTPUT_DIR

if not int8_ir_path.exists():
    !mo --input_model $int8_onnx_path --input_shape "[1,3, $image_size, $image_size]" --mean_values "[123.675, 116.28 , 103.53]" --scale_values "[58.395, 57.12 , 57.375]" --data_type FP16 --output_dir $OUTPUT_DIR

# Benchmark Model Performance by Computing Inference Time
def parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output):
    parsed_output = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line == "")]
    print(*parsed_output, sep='\n')


print('Benchmark FP32 model (IR)')
benchmark_output = ! benchmark_app -m $fp32_ir_path -d CPU -api async -t 15
parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output)

print('Benchmark INT8 model (IR)')
benchmark_output = ! benchmark_app -m $int8_ir_path -d CPU -api async -t 15
parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output)

# Show CPU Information for reference
ie = Core()
ie.get_property(device_name="CPU", name="FULL_DEVICE_NAME")

# Imports and Settings
from pathlib import Path
import logging

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
from tensorflow.python.keras import layers
from tensorflow.python.keras import models

from nncf import NNCFConfig
from nncf.tensorflow.helpers.model_creation import create_compressed_model
from nncf.tensorflow.initialization import register_default_init_args
from nncf.common.utils.logger import set_log_level

set_log_level(logging.ERROR)

MODEL_DIR = Path("model")
OUTPUT_DIR = Path("output")
MODEL_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
OUTPUT_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

BASE_MODEL_NAME = "ResNet-18"

fp32_h5_path = Path(MODEL_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_fp32")).with_suffix(".h5")
fp32_sm_path = Path(OUTPUT_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_fp32"))
fp32_ir_path = Path(OUTPUT_DIR / "saved_model").with_suffix(".xml")
int8_pb_path = Path(OUTPUT_DIR / (BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_int8")).with_suffix(".pb")
int8_pb_name = Path(BASE_MODEL_NAME + "_int8").with_suffix(".pb")
int8_ir_path = int8_pb_path.with_suffix(".xml")

BATCH_SIZE = 128
IMG_SIZE = (64, 64)  # Default Imagenet image size
NUM_CLASSES = 10  # For Imagenette dataset

LR = 1e-5

MEAN_RGB = (0.485 * 255, 0.456 * 255, 0.406 * 255)  # From Imagenet dataset
STDDEV_RGB = (0.229 * 255, 0.224 * 255, 0.225 * 255)  # From Imagenet dataset

fp32_pth_url = "https://storage.openvinotoolkit.org/repositories/nncf/openvino_notebook_ckpts/305_resnet18_imagenette_fp32_v1.h5"
_ = tf.keras.utils.get_file(fp32_h5_path.resolve(), fp32_pth_url)
print(f'Absolute path where the model weights are saved:\n {fp32_h5_path.resolve()}')

# Dataset Preprocessing
datasets, datasets_info = tfds.load('imagenette/160px', shuffle_files=True, as_supervised=True, with_info=True,
                                    read_config=tfds.ReadConfig(shuffle_seed=0))
train_dataset, validation_dataset = datasets['train'], datasets['validation']
fig = tfds.show_examples(train_dataset, datasets_info)

def preprocessing(image, label):
    image = tf.image.resize(image, IMG_SIZE)
    image = image - MEAN_RGB
    image = image / STDDEV_RGB
    label = tf.one_hot(label, NUM_CLASSES)
    return image, label


train_dataset = (train_dataset.map(preprocessing, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
                              .batch(BATCH_SIZE)
                              .prefetch(tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE))

validation_dataset = (validation_dataset.map(preprocessing, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
                                        .batch(BATCH_SIZE)
                                        .prefetch(tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE))

# Define a Floating-Point Model
def residual_conv_block(filters, stage, block, strides=(1, 1), cut='pre'):
    def layer(input_tensor):
        x = layers.BatchNormalization(epsilon=2e-5)(input_tensor)
        x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)

        # defining shortcut connection
        if cut == 'pre':
            shortcut = input_tensor
        elif cut == 'post':
            shortcut = layers.Conv2D(filters, (1, 1), strides=strides, kernel_initializer='he_uniform', 
                                     use_bias=False)(x)

        # continue with convolution layers
        x = layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=(1, 1))(x)
        x = layers.Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), strides=strides, kernel_initializer='he_uniform', use_bias=False)(x)

        x = layers.BatchNormalization(epsilon=2e-5)(x)
        x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)
        x = layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=(1, 1))(x)
        x = layers.Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), kernel_initializer='he_uniform', use_bias=False)(x)

        # add residual connection
        x = layers.Add()([x, shortcut])
        return x

    return layer


def ResNet18(input_shape=None):
    """Instantiates the ResNet18 architecture."""
    img_input = layers.Input(shape=input_shape, name='data')

    # ResNet18 bottom
    x = layers.BatchNormalization(epsilon=2e-5, scale=False)(img_input)
    x = layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=(3, 3))(x)
    x = layers.Conv2D(64, (7, 7), strides=(2, 2), kernel_initializer='he_uniform', use_bias=False)(x)
    x = layers.BatchNormalization(epsilon=2e-5)(x)
    x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)
    x = layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=(1, 1))(x)
    x = layers.MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding='valid')(x)

    # ResNet18 body
    repetitions = (2, 2, 2, 2)
    for stage, rep in enumerate(repetitions):
        for block in range(rep):
            filters = 64 * (2 ** stage)
            if block == 0 and stage == 0:
                x = residual_conv_block(filters, stage, block, strides=(1, 1), cut='post')(x)
            elif block == 0:
                x = residual_conv_block(filters, stage, block, strides=(2, 2), cut='post')(x)
            else:
                x = residual_conv_block(filters, stage, block, strides=(1, 1), cut='pre')(x)
    x = layers.BatchNormalization(epsilon=2e-5)(x)
    x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)

    # ResNet18 top
    x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
    x = layers.Dense(NUM_CLASSES)(x)
    x = layers.Activation('softmax')(x)

    # Create model
    model = models.Model(img_input, x)

    return model

IMG_SHAPE = IMG_SIZE + (3,)
model = ResNet18(input_shape=IMG_SHAPE)

# Pre-train Floating-Point Model
# Load the floating-point weights
model.load_weights(fp32_h5_path)

# Compile the floating-point model
model.compile(loss=tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(label_smoothing=0.1),
              metrics=[tf.keras.metrics.CategoricalAccuracy(name='acc@1')])

# Validate the floating-point model
test_loss, acc_fp32 = model.evaluate(validation_dataset,
                                     callbacks=tf.keras.callbacks.ProgbarLogger(stateful_metrics=['acc@1']))
print(f"\nAccuracy of FP32 model: {acc_fp32:.3f}")

model.save(fp32_sm_path)
print(f'Absolute path where the model is saved:\n {fp32_sm_path.resolve()}')

# Create and Initialize Quantization
nncf_config_dict = {
    "input_info": {"sample_size": [1, 3] + list(IMG_SIZE)},
    "log_dir": str(OUTPUT_DIR),  # log directory for NNCF-specific logging outputs
    "compression": {
        "algorithm": "quantization",  # specify the algorithm here
    },
}
nncf_config = NNCFConfig.from_dict(nncf_config_dict)

nncf_config = register_default_init_args(nncf_config=nncf_config,
                                         data_loader=train_dataset,
                                         batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)

compression_ctrl, model = create_compressed_model(model, nncf_config)

# Compile the int8 model
model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=LR),
              loss=tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(label_smoothing=0.1),
              metrics=[tf.keras.metrics.CategoricalAccuracy(name='acc@1')])

# Validate the int8 model
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(validation_dataset,
                                     callbacks=tf.keras.callbacks.ProgbarLogger(stateful_metrics=['acc@1']))
print(f"\nAccuracy of INT8 model after initialization: {test_acc:.3f}")

# Fine-tune the Compressed Model
# Train the int8 model
model.fit(train_dataset,
          epochs=2)

# Validate the int8 model
test_loss, acc_int8 = model.evaluate(validation_dataset,
                                     callbacks=tf.keras.callbacks.ProgbarLogger(stateful_metrics=['acc@1']))
print(f"\nAccuracy of INT8 model after fine-tuning: {acc_int8:.3f}")
print(f"\nAccuracy drop of tuned INT8 model over pre-trained FP32 model: {acc_fp32 - acc_int8:.3f}")

compression_ctrl.export_model(int8_pb_path, 'frozen_graph')
print(f'Absolute path where the int8 model is saved:\n {int8_pb_path.resolve()}')

# Export Frozen Graph Models to OpenVINO Intermediate Representation (IR)
!mo --framework=tf --input_shape=[1,64,64,3] --input=data --saved_model_dir=$fp32_sm_path --output_dir=$OUTPUT_DIR

!mo --framework=tf --input_shape=[1,64,64,3] --input=Placeholder --input_model=$int8_pb_path --output_dir=$OUTPUT_DIR

# Benchmark Model Performance by Computing Inference Time
def parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output):
    parsed_output = [line for line in benchmark_output if not (line.startswith(r"[") or line.startswith("  ") or line == "")]
    print(*parsed_output, sep='\n')


print('Benchmark FP32 model (IR)')
benchmark_output = ! benchmark_app -m $fp32_ir_path -d CPU -api async -t 15
parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output)

print('\nBenchmark INT8 model (IR)')
benchmark_output = ! benchmark_app -m $int8_ir_path -d CPU -api async -t 15
parse_benchmark_output(benchmark_output)

# Show CPU Information for reference
from openvino.runtime import Core

ie = Core()
ie.get_property(device_name='CPU', name="FULL_DEVICE_NAME")

# Imports
import sys
import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
import paddle
import math
import time
import collections
from PIL import Image
from pathlib import Path
import tarfile
import urllib.request

from openvino.runtime import Core
from IPython import display
import copy

sys.path.append("../utils")
import notebook_utils as utils
import pre_post_processing as processing

# Models for PaddleOCR
# Define the function to download text detection and recognition models from PaddleOCR resources

def run_model_download(model_url, model_file_path):
    """
    Download pre-trained models from PaddleOCR resources

    Parameters:
        model_url: url link to pre-trained models
        model_file_path: file path to store the downloaded model
    """
    model_name = model_url.split("/")[-1]
    
    if model_file_path.is_file(): 
        print("Model already exists")
    else:
        # Download the model from the server, and untar it.
        print("Downloading the pre-trained model... May take a while...")

        # create a directory
        os.makedirs("model", exist_ok=True)
        urllib.request.urlretrieve(model_url, f"model/{model_name} ")
        print("Model Downloaded")

        file = tarfile.open(f"model/{model_name} ")
        res = file.extractall("model")
        file.close()
        if not res:
            print(f"Model Extracted to {model_file_path}.")
        else:
            print("Error Extracting the model. Please check the network.")

# Download the Model for Text Detection
# Directory where model will be downloaded

det_model_url = "https://paddleocr.bj.bcebos.com/dygraph_v2.0/ch/ch_ppocr_mobile_v2.0_det_infer.tar"
det_model_file_path = Path("model/ch_ppocr_mobile_v2.0_det_infer/inference.pdmodel")

run_model_download(det_model_url, det_model_file_path)

# Load the Model for Text Detection
# initialize inference engine for text detection
core = Core()
det_model = core.read_model(model=det_model_file_path)
det_compiled_model = core.compile_model(model=det_model, device_name="CPU")

# get input and output nodes for text detection
det_input_layer = det_compiled_model.input(0)
det_output_layer = det_compiled_model.output(0)

# Download the Model for Text Recognition
rec_model_url = "https://paddleocr.bj.bcebos.com/dygraph_v2.0/ch/ch_ppocr_mobile_v2.0_rec_infer.tar"
rec_model_file_path = Path("model/ch_ppocr_mobile_v2.0_rec_infer/inference.pdmodel")

run_model_download(rec_model_url, rec_model_file_path)

# Load the Model for Text Recognition with Dynamic Shape
# read the model and corresponding weights from file
rec_model = core.read_model(model=rec_model_file_path)

# assign dynamic shapes to every input layer on the last dimension
for input_layer in rec_model.inputs:
    input_shape = input_layer.partial_shape
    input_shape[3] = -1
    rec_model.reshape({input_layer: input_shape})

rec_compiled_model = core.compile_model(model=rec_model, device_name="CPU")

# get input and output nodes
rec_input_layer = rec_compiled_model.input(0)
rec_output_layer = rec_compiled_model.output(0)

# Preprocessing image functions for text detection and recognition
# Preprocess for text detection
def image_preprocess(input_image, size):
    """
    Preprocess input image for text detection

    Parameters:
        input_image: input image 
        size: value for the image to be resized for text detection model
    """
    img = cv2.resize(input_image, (size, size))
    img = np.transpose(img, [2, 0, 1]) / 255
    img = np.expand_dims(img, 0)
    # NormalizeImage: {mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225], is_scale: True}
    img_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
    img_std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
    img -= img_mean
    img /= img_std
    return img.astype(np.float32)

# Preprocess for text recognition
def resize_norm_img(img, max_wh_ratio):
    """
    Resize input image for text recognition

    Parameters:
        img: bounding box image from text detection 
        max_wh_ratio: value for the resizing for text recognition model
    """
    rec_image_shape = [3, 32, 320]
    imgC, imgH, imgW = rec_image_shape
    assert imgC == img.shape[2]
    character_type = "ch"
    if character_type == "ch":
        imgW = int((32 * max_wh_ratio))
    h, w = img.shape[:2]
    ratio = w / float(h)
    if math.ceil(imgH * ratio) > imgW:
        resized_w = imgW
    else:
        resized_w = int(math.ceil(imgH * ratio))
    resized_image = cv2.resize(img, (resized_w, imgH))
    resized_image = resized_image.astype('float32')
    resized_image = resized_image.transpose((2, 0, 1)) / 255
    resized_image -= 0.5
    resized_image /= 0.5
    padding_im = np.zeros((imgC, imgH, imgW), dtype=np.float32)
    padding_im[:, :, 0:resized_w] = resized_image
    return padding_im


def prep_for_rec(dt_boxes, frame):
    """
    Preprocessing of the detected bounding boxes for text recognition

    Parameters:
        dt_boxes: detected bounding boxes from text detection 
        frame: original input frame 
    """
    ori_im = frame.copy()
    img_crop_list = [] 
    for bno in range(len(dt_boxes)):
        tmp_box = copy.deepcopy(dt_boxes[bno])
        img_crop = processing.get_rotate_crop_image(ori_im, tmp_box)
        img_crop_list.append(img_crop)
        
    img_num = len(img_crop_list)
    # Calculate the aspect ratio of all text bars
    width_list = []
    for img in img_crop_list:
        width_list.append(img.shape[1] / float(img.shape[0]))
    
    # Sorting can speed up the recognition process
    indices = np.argsort(np.array(width_list))
    return img_crop_list, img_num, indices


def batch_text_box(img_crop_list, img_num, indices, beg_img_no, batch_num):
    """
    Batch for text recognition

    Parameters:
        img_crop_list: processed detected bounding box images 
        img_num: number of bounding boxes from text detection
        indices: sorting for bounding boxes to speed up text recognition
        beg_img_no: the beginning number of bounding boxes for each batch of text recognition inference
        batch_num: number of images for each batch
    """
    norm_img_batch = []
    max_wh_ratio = 0
    end_img_no = min(img_num, beg_img_no + batch_num)
    for ino in range(beg_img_no, end_img_no):
        h, w = img_crop_list[indices[ino]].shape[0:2]
        wh_ratio = w * 1.0 / h
        max_wh_ratio = max(max_wh_ratio, wh_ratio)
    for ino in range(beg_img_no, end_img_no):
        norm_img = resize_norm_img(img_crop_list[indices[ino]], max_wh_ratio)
        norm_img = norm_img[np.newaxis, :]
        norm_img_batch.append(norm_img)

    norm_img_batch = np.concatenate(norm_img_batch)
    norm_img_batch = norm_img_batch.copy()
    return norm_img_batch

# Postprocessing image for text detection
def post_processing_detection(frame, det_results):
    """
    Postprocess the results from text detection into bounding boxes

    Parameters:
        frame: input image 
        det_results: inference results from text detection model
    """   
    ori_im = frame.copy()
    data = {'image': frame}
    data_resize = processing.DetResizeForTest(data)
    data_list = []
    keep_keys = ['image', 'shape']
    for key in keep_keys:
        data_list.append(data_resize[key])
    img, shape_list = data_list

    shape_list = np.expand_dims(shape_list, axis=0) 
    pred = det_results[0]    
    if isinstance(pred, paddle.Tensor):
        pred = pred.numpy()
    segmentation = pred > 0.3

    boxes_batch = []
    for batch_index in range(pred.shape[0]):
        src_h, src_w, ratio_h, ratio_w = shape_list[batch_index]
        mask = segmentation[batch_index]
        boxes, scores = processing.boxes_from_bitmap(pred[batch_index], mask, src_w, src_h)
        boxes_batch.append({'points': boxes})
    post_result = boxes_batch
    dt_boxes = post_result[0]['points']
    dt_boxes = processing.filter_tag_det_res(dt_boxes, ori_im.shape)    
    return dt_boxes

# Main processing function for PaddleOCR
def run_paddle_ocr(source=0, flip=False, use_popup=False, skip_first_frames=0):
    """
    Main function to run the paddleOCR inference:
    1. Create a video player to play with target fps (utils.VideoPlayer).
    2. Prepare a set of frames for text detection and recognition.
    3. Run AI inference for both text detection and recognition.
    4. Visualize the results.

    Parameters:
        source: the webcam number to feed the video stream with primary webcam set to "0", or the video path.  
        flip: to be used by VideoPlayer function for flipping capture image
        use_popup: False for showing encoded frames over this notebook, True for creating a popup window.
        skip_first_frames: Number of frames to skip at the beginning of the video. 
    """
    # create video player to play with target fps
    player = None
    try:
        player = utils.VideoPlayer(source=source, flip=flip, fps=30, skip_first_frames=skip_first_frames)
        # Start video capturing
        player.start()
        if use_popup:
            title = "Press ESC to Exit"
            cv2.namedWindow(winname=title, flags=cv2.WINDOW_GUI_NORMAL | cv2.WINDOW_AUTOSIZE)

        processing_times = collections.deque()
        while True:
            # grab the frame
            frame = player.next()
            if frame is None:
                print("Source ended")
                break
            # if frame larger than full HD, reduce size to improve the performance
            scale = 1280 / max(frame.shape)
            if scale < 1:
                frame = cv2.resize(src=frame, dsize=None, fx=scale, fy=scale,
                                   interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
            # preprocess image for text detection
            test_image = image_preprocess(frame, 640)
                
            # measure processing time for text detection
            start_time = time.time()
            # perform the inference step
            det_results = det_compiled_model([test_image])[det_output_layer]
            stop_time = time.time()

            # Postprocessing for Paddle Detection
            dt_boxes = post_processing_detection(frame, det_results)

            processing_times.append(stop_time - start_time)
            # use processing times from last 200 frames
            if len(processing_times) > 200:
                processing_times.popleft()
            processing_time_det = np.mean(processing_times) * 1000

            # Preprocess detection results for recognition
            dt_boxes = processing.sorted_boxes(dt_boxes)  
            batch_num = 6
            img_crop_list, img_num, indices = prep_for_rec(dt_boxes, frame)
            
            # For storing recognition results, include two parts:
            # txts are the recognized text results, scores are the recognition confidence level 
            rec_res = [['', 0.0]] * img_num
            txts = [] 
            scores = []

            for beg_img_no in range(0, img_num, batch_num):

                # Recognition starts from here
                norm_img_batch = batch_text_box(
                    img_crop_list, img_num, indices, beg_img_no, batch_num)

                # Run inference for text recognition 
                rec_results = rec_compiled_model([norm_img_batch])[rec_output_layer]

                # Postprocessing recognition results
                postprocess_op = processing.build_post_process(processing.postprocess_params)
                rec_result = postprocess_op(rec_results)
                for rno in range(len(rec_result)):
                    rec_res[indices[beg_img_no + rno]] = rec_result[rno]   
                if rec_res:
                    txts = [rec_res[i][0] for i in range(len(rec_res))] 
                    scores = [rec_res[i][1] for i in range(len(rec_res))]
                                   
            image = Image.fromarray(cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
            boxes = dt_boxes
            # draw text recognition results beside the image
            draw_img = processing.draw_ocr_box_txt(
                image,
                boxes,
                txts,
                scores,
                drop_score=0.5)

            # Visualize PaddleOCR results
            f_height, f_width = draw_img.shape[:2]
            fps = 1000 / processing_time_det
            cv2.putText(img=draw_img, text=f"Inference time: {processing_time_det:.1f}ms ({fps:.1f} FPS)", 
                        org=(20, 40),fontFace=cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, fontScale=f_width / 1000,
                        color=(0, 0, 255), thickness=1, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA)
            
            # use this workaround if there is flickering
            if use_popup: 
                draw_img = cv2.cvtColor(draw_img, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
                cv2.imshow(winname=title, mat=draw_img)
                key = cv2.waitKey(1)
                # escape = 27
                if key == 27:
                    break
            else:
                # encode numpy array to jpg
                draw_img = cv2.cvtColor(draw_img, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
                _, encoded_img = cv2.imencode(ext=".jpg", img=draw_img,
                                              params=[cv2.IMWRITE_JPEG_QUALITY, 100])
                # create IPython image
                i = display.Image(data=encoded_img)
                # display the image in this notebook
                display.clear_output(wait=True)
                display.display(i)
            
    # ctrl-c
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Interrupted")
    # any different error
    except RuntimeError as e:
        print(e)
    finally:
        if player is not None:
            # stop capturing
            player.stop()
        if use_popup:
            cv2.destroyAllWindows()

# Run Live PaddleOCR with OpenVINO
run_paddle_ocr(source=0, flip=False, use_popup=False)

# Test OCR results on video file

video_file = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yoyowz/classification/master/images/test.mp4"
run_paddle_ocr(source=video_file, flip=False, use_popup=False, skip_first_frames=0)

# pip3 install openvino
 
# Install ONNX Runtime for OpenVINO™ Execution Provider
# pip3 install onnxruntime-openvino==1.11.0
 
# pip3 install -r requirements.txt
# Running the ONNXRuntime OpenVINO™ Execution Provider sample
# python3 yolov4.py --device CPU_FP32 --video classroom.mp4 --model yolov4.onnx

'''
Copyright (C) 2021-2022, Intel Corporation
SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
Major Portions of this code are copyright of their respective authors and released under the Apache License Version 2.0:
- onnx, Copyright 2021-2022. For licensing see https://github.com/onnx/models/blob/master/LICENSE
'''

import cv2
import numpy as np
from onnx import numpy_helper
import onnx
import onnxruntime as rt
import os
from PIL import Image
from scipy import special
import colorsys
import random
import argparse
import sys
import time
import platform

if platform.system() == "Windows":
    from openvino import utils
    utils.add_openvino_libs_to_path()

def image_preprocess(image, target_size, gt_boxes=None):

    ih, iw = target_size
    h, w, _ = image.shape

    scale = min(iw/w, ih/h)
    nw, nh = int(scale * w), int(scale * h)
    image_resized = cv2.resize(image, (nw, nh))

    image_padded = np.full(shape=[ih, iw, 3], fill_value=128.0)
    dw, dh = (iw - nw) // 2, (ih-nh) // 2
    image_padded[dh:nh+dh, dw:nw+dw, :] = image_resized
    image_padded = image_padded / 255.

    if gt_boxes is None:
        return image_padded

    else:
        gt_boxes[:, [0, 2]] = gt_boxes[:, [0, 2]] * scale + dw
        gt_boxes[:, [1, 3]] = gt_boxes[:, [1, 3]] * scale + dh
        return image_padded, gt_boxes

def postprocess_bbbox(pred_bbox):
    '''define anchor boxes'''
    for i, pred in enumerate(pred_bbox):
        conv_shape = pred.shape
        output_size = conv_shape[1]
        conv_raw_dxdy = pred[:, :, :, :, 0:2]
        conv_raw_dwdh = pred[:, :, :, :, 2:4]
        xy_grid = np.meshgrid(np.arange(output_size), np.arange(output_size))
        xy_grid = np.expand_dims(np.stack(xy_grid, axis=-1), axis=2)

        xy_grid = np.tile(np.expand_dims(xy_grid, axis=0), [1, 1, 1, 3, 1])
        xy_grid = xy_grid.astype(float)

        pred_xy = ((special.expit(conv_raw_dxdy) * XYSCALE[i]) - 0.5 * (XYSCALE[i] - 1) + xy_grid) * STRIDES[i]
        pred_wh = (np.exp(conv_raw_dwdh) * ANCHORS[i])
        pred[:, :, :, :, 0:4] = np.concatenate([pred_xy, pred_wh], axis=-1)

    pred_bbox = [np.reshape(x, (-1, np.shape(x)[-1])) for x in pred_bbox]
    pred_bbox = np.concatenate(pred_bbox, axis=0)
    return pred_bbox

def postprocess_boxes(pred_bbox, org_img_shape, input_size, score_threshold):
    '''remove boundary boxs with a low detection probability'''
    valid_scale=[0, np.inf]
    pred_bbox = np.array(pred_bbox)

    pred_xywh = pred_bbox[:, 0:4]
    pred_conf = pred_bbox[:, 4]
    pred_prob = pred_bbox[:, 5:]

    # # (1) (x, y, w, h) --> (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
    pred_coor = np.concatenate([pred_xywh[:, :2] - pred_xywh[:, 2:] * 0.5,
                                pred_xywh[:, :2] + pred_xywh[:, 2:] * 0.5], axis=-1)
    # # (2) (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) -> (xmin_org, ymin_org, xmax_org, ymax_org)
    org_h, org_w = org_img_shape
    resize_ratio = min(input_size / org_w, input_size / org_h)

    dw = (input_size - resize_ratio * org_w) / 2
    dh = (input_size - resize_ratio * org_h) / 2

    pred_coor[:, 0::2] = 1.0 * (pred_coor[:, 0::2] - dw) / resize_ratio
    pred_coor[:, 1::2] = 1.0 * (pred_coor[:, 1::2] - dh) / resize_ratio

    # # (3) clip some boxes that are out of range
    pred_coor = np.concatenate([np.maximum(pred_coor[:, :2], [0, 0]),
                                np.minimum(pred_coor[:, 2:], [org_w - 1, org_h - 1])], axis=-1)
    invalid_mask = np.logical_or((pred_coor[:, 0] > pred_coor[:, 2]), (pred_coor[:, 1] > pred_coor[:, 3]))
    pred_coor[invalid_mask] = 0

    # # (4) discard some invalid boxes
    bboxes_scale = np.sqrt(np.multiply.reduce(pred_coor[:, 2:4] - pred_coor[:, 0:2], axis=-1))
    scale_mask = np.logical_and((valid_scale[0] < bboxes_scale), (bboxes_scale < valid_scale[1]))

    # # (5) discard some boxes with low scores
    classes = np.argmax(pred_prob, axis=-1)
    scores = pred_conf * pred_prob[np.arange(len(pred_coor)), classes]
    score_mask = scores > score_threshold
    mask = np.logical_and(scale_mask, score_mask)
    coors, scores, classes = pred_coor[mask], scores[mask], classes[mask]

    return np.concatenate([coors, scores[:, np.newaxis], classes[:, np.newaxis]], axis=-1)

def bboxes_iou(boxes1, boxes2):
    '''calculate the Intersection Over Union value'''
    boxes1 = np.array(boxes1)
    boxes2 = np.array(boxes2)

    boxes1_area = (boxes1[..., 2] - boxes1[..., 0]) * (boxes1[..., 3] - boxes1[..., 1])
    boxes2_area = (boxes2[..., 2] - boxes2[..., 0]) * (boxes2[..., 3] - boxes2[..., 1])

    left_up       = np.maximum(boxes1[..., :2], boxes2[..., :2])
    right_down    = np.minimum(boxes1[..., 2:], boxes2[..., 2:])

    inter_section = np.maximum(right_down - left_up, 0.0)
    inter_area    = inter_section[..., 0] * inter_section[..., 1]
    union_area    = boxes1_area + boxes2_area - inter_area
    ious          = np.maximum(1.0 * inter_area / union_area, np.finfo(np.float32).eps)

    return ious

def nms(bboxes, iou_threshold, sigma=0.3, method='nms'):
    """
    :param bboxes: (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, score, class)
    Note: soft-nms, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04503.pdf
          https://github.com/bharatsingh430/soft-nms
    """
    classes_in_img = list(set(bboxes[:, 5]))
    best_bboxes = []

    for cls in classes_in_img:
        cls_mask = (bboxes[:, 5] == cls)
        cls_bboxes = bboxes[cls_mask]

        while len(cls_bboxes) > 0:
            max_ind = np.argmax(cls_bboxes[:, 4])
            best_bbox = cls_bboxes[max_ind]
            best_bboxes.append(best_bbox)
            cls_bboxes = np.concatenate([cls_bboxes[: max_ind], cls_bboxes[max_ind + 1:]])
            iou = bboxes_iou(best_bbox[np.newaxis, :4], cls_bboxes[:, :4])
            weight = np.ones((len(iou),), dtype=np.float32)

            assert method in ['nms', 'soft-nms']

            if method == 'nms':
                iou_mask = iou > iou_threshold
                weight[iou_mask] = 0.0

            if method == 'soft-nms':
                weight = np.exp(-(1.0 * iou ** 2 / sigma))

            cls_bboxes[:, 4] = cls_bboxes[:, 4] * weight
            score_mask = cls_bboxes[:, 4] > 0.
            cls_bboxes = cls_bboxes[score_mask]

    return best_bboxes

def read_class_names(class_file_name):
    '''loads class name from a file'''
    names = {}
    with open(class_file_name, 'r') as data:
        for ID, name in enumerate(data):
            names[ID] = name.strip('\n')
    return names

def draw_bbox(image, bboxes, classes=read_class_names("coco.names"), show_label=True):
    """
    bboxes: [x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max, probability, cls_id] format coordinates.
    """

    num_classes = len(classes)
    image_h, image_w, _ = image.shape
    hsv_tuples = [(1.0 * x / num_classes, 1., 1.) for x in range(num_classes)]
    colors = list(map(lambda x: colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(*x), hsv_tuples))
    colors = list(map(lambda x: (int(x[0] * 255), int(x[1] * 255), int(x[2] * 255)), colors))

    random.seed(0)
    random.shuffle(colors)
    random.seed(None)

    for i, bbox in enumerate(bboxes):
        coor = np.array(bbox[:4], dtype=np.int32)
        fontScale = 0.5
        score = bbox[4]
        class_ind = int(bbox[5])
        bbox_color = colors[class_ind]
        bbox_thick = int(0.6 * (image_h + image_w) / 600)
        c1, c2 = (coor[0], coor[1]), (coor[2], coor[3])
        cv2.rectangle(image, c1, c2, bbox_color, bbox_thick)

        if show_label:
            bbox_mess = '%s: %.2f' % (classes[class_ind], score)
            t_size = cv2.getTextSize(bbox_mess, 0, fontScale, thickness=bbox_thick//2)[0]
            cv2.rectangle(image, c1, (c1[0] + t_size[0], c1[1] - t_size[1] - 3), bbox_color, -1)
            cv2.putText(image, bbox_mess, (c1[0], c1[1]-2), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
                        fontScale, (0, 0, 0), bbox_thick//2, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA)

    return image

def get_anchors(anchors_path, tiny=False):
    '''loads the anchors from a file'''
    with open(anchors_path) as f:
        anchors = f.readline()
    anchors = np.array(anchors.split(','), dtype=np.float32)
    return anchors.reshape(3, 3, 2)

#Specify the path to anchors file on your machine
ANCHORS = "./yolov4_anchors.txt"    
STRIDES = [8, 16, 32]
XYSCALE = [1.2, 1.1, 1.05]
ANCHORS = get_anchors(ANCHORS)
STRIDES = np.array(STRIDES)

def parse_arguments():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Object Detection using YOLOv4 in OPENCV using OpenVINO Execution Provider for ONNXRuntime')
    parser.add_argument('--device', default='CPU_FP32', help="Device to perform inference on 'cpu (MLAS)' or on devices supported by OpenVINO-EP [CPU_FP32, GPU_FP32, GPU_FP16, MYRIAD_FP16, VAD-M_FP16].")
    parser.add_argument('--image', help='Path to image file.')
    parser.add_argument('--video', help='Path to video file.')
    parser.add_argument('--model', help='Path to model.')
    args = parser.parse_args()
    return args
    
def check_model_extension(fp):
  # Split the extension from the path and normalise it to lowercase.
  ext = os.path.splitext(fp)[-1].lower()

  # Now we can simply use != to check for inequality, no need for wildcards.
  if(ext != ".onnx"):
    raise Exception(fp, "is an unknown file format. Use the model ending with .onnx format")
  
  if not os.path.exists(fp):
    raise Exception("[ ERROR ] Path of the onnx model file is Invalid")

def main(): 

    # Process arguments
    args = parse_arguments()

    # Validate model file path
    check_model_extension(args.model)

    # Process inputs
    win_name = 'Object detection using ONNXRuntime OpenVINO Execution Provider using YoloV4 model'
    cv2.namedWindow(win_name, cv2.WINDOW_NORMAL)

    output_file = "yolo_out_py.avi"
    if (args.image):
        # Open the image file
        if not os.path.isfile(args.image):
            print("Input image file ", args.image, " doesn't exist")
            sys.exit(1)
        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(args.image)
        output_file = args.image[:-4]+'_yolo_out_py.jpg'
    elif (args.video):
        # Open the video file
        if not os.path.isfile(args.video):
            print("Input video file ", args.video, " doesn't exist")
            sys.exit(1)
        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(args.video)
        output_file = args.video[:-4]+'_yolo_out_py.avi'
    else:
        # Webcam input
        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

    # Get the video writer initialized to save the output video
    if (not args.image):
        vid_writer = cv2.VideoWriter(output_file, cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc('M','J','P','G'), 30, (round(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH)),round(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT))))
    
    # Check the device information and create a session
    device = args.device
    so = rt.SessionOptions()
    so.log_severity_level = 3
    if(args.device == 'cpu'):
        print("Device type selected is 'cpu' which is the default CPU Execution Provider (MLAS)")
        #Specify the path to the ONNX model on your machine and register the CPU EP
        sess = rt.InferenceSession(args.model, so, providers=['CPUExecutionProvider'])
    else:
        #Specify the path to the ONNX model on your machine and register the OpenVINO EP
        sess = rt.InferenceSession(args.model, so, providers=['OpenVINOExecutionProvider'], provider_options=[{'device_type' : device}])
        print("Device type selected is: " + device + " using the OpenVINO Execution Provider")
        '''
        other 'device_type' options are: (Any hardware target can be assigned if you have the access to it)
        'CPU_FP32', 'GPU_FP32', 'GPU_FP16', 'MYRIAD_FP16', 'VAD-M_FP16'
        '''

    input_name = sess.get_inputs()[0].name
    
    while cv2.waitKey(1) < 0:
        # get frame from the video
        has_frame, frame = cap.read()
        # Stop the program if reached end of video
        if not has_frame:
            print("Done processing !!!")
            print("Output file is stored as ", output_file)
            has_frame=False
            cv2.waitKey(3000)
            # Release device
            cap.release()
            break
            
        input_size = 416
        original_image = frame
        original_image = cv2.cvtColor(original_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
        original_image_size = original_image.shape[:2]

        image_data = image_preprocess(np.copy(original_image), [input_size, input_size])
        image_data = image_data[np.newaxis, ...].astype(np.float32)
    
        outputs = sess.get_outputs()
        output_names = list(map(lambda output: output.name, outputs))

        start = time.time()
        detections = sess.run(output_names, {input_name: image_data})
        end = time.time()
        inference_time = end - start

        pred_bbox = postprocess_bbbox(detections)
        bboxes = postprocess_boxes(pred_bbox, original_image_size, input_size, 0.25)
        bboxes = nms(bboxes, 0.213, method='nms')
        image = draw_bbox(original_image, bboxes)

        cv2.putText(image,device,(10,20),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX,0.5,(255,255,255),1)
        cv2.putText(image,'FPS: {}